M ATTER Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter Oct. 2010

W HAT IS M ATTER ? Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). Examples of matter:

MATTER CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED IT JUST CHANGES FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER. () (MATTER GETS RECYCLED) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER

THEORY OF KINETIC ENERGY ATOMS ARE 1. ATOMS ARE ALWAYS MOVING THE MORE ENERGY TO THE ATOMS, THE & APART THEY MOVE 2. THE MORE ENERGY ADDED TO THE ATOMS, THE FASTER & FARTHER APART THEY MOVE ENERGY ADDED

M ATTER Matter can be described by using physical and chemical properties. These are characteristics the matter has that make it unique. Physical Properties: Are properties that can be observed or measured. (color, mass, length, volume, density, state, etc). Physical Properties can be either: Observable or Measurable

O BSERVABLE P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES Observable Physical Properties: Properties you can use your senses to get information about an object. If you can describe the matter based on what it looks, feels, smells or tastes like, you are describing the physical properties.

E XAMPLES OF O BSERVABLE P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES Malleability: the ability of a substance to be pounded into thin sheets.

E XAMPLES OF O BSERVABLE P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES State of Matter: Matter can either be a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. We observe this by using our senses.

STATES OF MATTER MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 STATES (PHASES) SOLID SOLID LIQUID LIQUID GAS GAS PLASMA PLASMA State of matter is a physical property!!!!

PARTICLES of a SOLID (Physical Property) Pattern: ATOMS (PARTICLES) ARE ARRANGED CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHER Movement: VIBRATE Shape/Volume: HAS FIXED SHAPE & FIXED VOLUME

– THE OBJECT IS HARDER – THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO BREAK THEM APART BREAK THEM APART – THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A LIQUID LIQUID In Solids, the particles are very tightly packed SO:

The particles in a LIQUID: Pattern: none Movement: atoms roll or slide over each other and move faster than a solid. Shape: No fixed shape, takes shape of container Volume: Fixed

The particles in a GAS: Pattern: none Movement: PARTICLES MOVE VERY FAST & AS FAR APART AS THEY CAN GET Shape: NO FIXED SHAPE, takes shape of container Volume: No fixed volume

The particles in PLASMA: Pattern: none Movement: Particles move very fast and are therefore very HOT Shape/Volume: NO FIXED SHAPE OR VOLUME Facts : Most common state of matter in the universe. Most Uncommon state of matter on Earth. Found in lightning, fluorescent lights and stars (Sun)

E XAMPLES OF O BSERVABLE P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES Color: The color of object can be seen and is a physical property of matter. Color can help identify a substance. For example, sulfur is usually yellow in color, iodine is usually red in color. Sulfur Iodine

E XAMPLES OF O BSERVABLE P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES Smell: The smell or odor an object gives off can also help identify a substance. For example, sulfur has a rotten egg smell, vinegar has a very acidic smell, and chlorine has a very strong bleach smell.

E XAMPLES OF O BSERVABLE P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES Conduction of heat or electricity: The ability for heat and electricity to pass through an object easily. Metals are usually the best conductors of heat and electricity.

E XAMPLES OF O BSERVABLE P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES Insulator of electricity or heat: when an object passes heat and electricity poorly. Nonmetals are usually good insulators.

E XAMPLES OF O BSERVABLE P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES Ductility: the ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire. Metals usually are ductile.

E XAMPLES OF O BSERVABLE P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES Solubility: The ability to dissolve in a nother substance. Examples: sugar dissolves in water.

M EASURABLE P ROPERTIES OF M ATTER Measurabe Properties: Properties that must be measured with a tool (ruler, beaker, graduated cylinder, scale, etc.). Ruler Graduated Cylinder Beaker Triple Beam Balance Scale

M EASURABLE P ROPERTIES OF M ATTER Mass: is the amount of matter that something is made of. Measured by: Using a triple beam balance or a scale. Unit: in science ALWAYS use grams (g) or kilograms (kg).

M EASURABLE P ROPERTIES OF M ATTER Weight: is the amount gravity is pulling on an object. Different on the MOON!!! Other wise it is measured the same as MASS!!

M EASURABLE P ROPERTIES OF M ATTER Volume : the amount of space an object takes up. Measured by : different for regular solid, irregular solid and liquids. Examples of Regular Solids : any solid you can measure the length, width and height of. Examples of Irregular Solids : any solid you cannot measure the length, width and height of. Examples of Liquids: any object that has no definite shape but does have a definite volume.

Measuring the Volume of Liquids: How to calculate: Use a graduate cylinder to find the volume Material: graduated cylinder How to read a graduated cylinder Must be at eye level to read. Must read to bottom of the curve Must read to bottom of the curve. MENISCUS - bottom of the curve. Unit: mL or L Measurable Properties of Matter

M EASURABLE P ROPERTIES OF M ATTER Measuring Volume of Regular Solids : measure the length, width and height with ruler and multiply them together. Length X Width X Height = Volume of Regular Solid cm X cm X cm = cm 3 *ALWAYS USE CENTIMETERS IN SCIENCE!!!! UNIT: cm 3

M EASURABLE P ROPERTIES OF M ATTER Measuring Volume of Irregular Solids: put water into a graduated cylinder and record volume. Place irregular solid into cylinder with water and record second volume. Subtract the two amounts. UNIT: measured in mL but, since it is a solid use cm 3. 1 mL = 1 cm 3

M EASURABLE P ROPERTIES OF M ATTER Density: the amount of matter in a given space or volume. Density is used to describe matter because everything has a different density.

M EASURABLE P ROPERTIES OF M ATTER Measure by: dividing and objects mass by it’s volume. Calculate: Density = Mass/Volume m D = V Mass divided by Volume UNIT: since mass is measured in grams and volume is measured in cm 3 or mL the unit for density has to have those two units. So, the unit for density is g/mL or g/cm 3.

BELLRINGER Calculate the density for the following objects: a.Mass= 10 Volume= 5 b.Mass= 16 Volume= 8 c.Mass= 5 Volume= 10 d.Mass= 12 Volume= 12 Which object is water? Which object will float in water? Which objects will sink in water? 2g/ml sinker 2g/cm 3 sinker 0.5g/ml floater 1g/cm 3 water

These are two, unopened full cans of soda. Explain why one is floating and one has sunk. BELLRINGER

Why are some objects less dense than other objects? As the molecules of a substance spread apart, the density of the substance is lowered. What causes molecules to spread? Adding energy so the movement of the molecules increases.

Objects float in other substances because they are less dense than the substance they are floating in. Why does ice float in water? They are both the same substance, right?

Notice how tightly packed the atoms are in the liquid water vs the solid water? The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense. Is this true for all solids? NO WAY!!! This is a unique quality of water. Most solids are always more dense than their liquid forms.

Why does this happen? Hot air balloon rises Basketball goes flat in winter Perfume can be smelled all over the room Atmosphere changes as you climb a mountain

DENSITY When does an objects density change? If heat is added or taken away!!!! HEAT – spreads out molecules – LESS dense Take AWAY heat – molecules come together – MORE dense. Hot objects are less dense than cool objects!!!!

C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF M ATTER Flammability: the ability to burn. Reactivity: The ability for a substance to react with another. Simply, when two substances get together, something can happen.