Lecture: The Importance of Stakeholders SYS366

Identifying Requirements Objective of the requirements capture and analysis phases is to understand business processes and develop requirements for the new system

Who is a Stakeholder? “ An individual who is materially affected by the outcome of the system or the project (s) producing the system” * Or the people who suffer from the problem being addressed * * Use Case Modeling by Bittner and Spence, p. 51.

Categories of Stakeholders Five primary categories Users Sponsors Developers Authorities Customers

User Stakeholders Those who actually use the system Techies Techie is a term, derivative of the word technology, for a person who displays a great, sometimes even obsessive, interest in technology, high-tech devices, and particularly computers. Some techies express a disregard for any technology that could possibly be considered obsolete, even if the technology or process in question might only be considered obsolete within the techie community. Consequently, techies are also often “early adopters”. Interested in using all of the features of the system; in pushing it to the limit of its capabilities

User stakeholders Standard Users Not interested in using all of the features of the system. Rather they want a system that allows them to perform their business processes simply and in the same way that they are used to performing them

Standard Users Those in day-to-day business operations use and change information Those using queries view calculated/collected information Management use reports, statistics demand controls Executives strategic issues

Non-human users Mechanical devices that the system must interact with Other business areas Other systems

Sponsor Stakeholders Indirect users Or those actually paying for the development of the system Or those affected only by the business outcomes that the system influences

Sponsor Stakeholders Business Managers, investors Department heads “champions”

Developer Stakeholders Those involved in the production and maintenance

Authority Stakeholders Those who are expert in a particular aspect of the problem or solution domain Ministries Technical experts Domain experts

Customer Stakeholders Those doing business with the company

Questions to Ask to Determine Stakeholders: Who will be affected by the success or failure of the new solution? Who are the users of the system? Who is the economic buyer for the system? Who is the sponsor of the development? * * Use Case Modeling, by Bittner & Spence, page 63.

Questions to Ask to Determine Stakeholders: Who else will be affected by the outputs that the system produces? Who will evaluate and sign off on the system when it is delivered and deployed? Are there any other internal or external users of the system whose needs must be addressed? * * Use Case Modeling, by Bittner & Spence, page 63.

Questions to Ask to Determine Stakeholders: Are there any regulatory bodies or standards organizations to which the system must comply? Who will develop the system? Who will install and maintain the new system? Who will support and supply training for the new system? Who will test and certify the new system? * * Use Case Modeling, by Bittner & Spence, pages

Questions to Ask to Determine Stakeholders: Who will sell and market the new system? Is there anyone else? Okay, Is there anyone else? * * Use Case Modeling, by Bittner & Spence, page 64.

More Reasons to Involve Stakeholders and Users “…you must understand the economic, technological, political, and business environment into which the system will be introduced and how that environment will be changed by the new system.” * * Use Case Modeling by Bittner and Spence, page. 15.

Stakeholders & Users are the ones who can tell you the economic, technological, political, and business environment into which the system will be introduced and how that environment will be changed by the new system.