1 Study of Biology

2 What is Biology? Biology is the study of all living thingsBiology is the study of all living things Living things are called organisms Living things are called organisms Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animalsOrganisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals

3 All Living Things Share Common Characteristics 1.Basic Unit is the Cell 2.They Reproduce 3.All Based On Universal Genetic Code (DNA) 4.Grow & Develop

4 Common Characteristics 5.Obtain & Use Materials & Energy 6.Respond To Their Environment 7.Maintain A Stable Internal Environment 8.AS A GROUP, Living Things Evolve, That Is They Change Over Time

5 I. Characteristics of Organisms

6 1. All Organisms are made of Cells

7 Facts About Cells Cells are the smallest living unit of an organismCells are the smallest living unit of an organism All cells contain living material called cytoplasmAll cells contain living material called cytoplasm All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cellAll cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell

8 More Cell Facts Cells are complex & highly organizedCells are complex & highly organized Cells have parts called organelles that do different jobsCells have parts called organelles that do different jobs e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars

9 More Cell Facts The simplest cells are called ProkaryotesThe simplest cells are called Prokaryotes These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organellesThese cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Bacteria are examplesBacteria are examples

10 More Cell Facts More complex cells are called EukaryotesMore complex cells are called Eukaryotes These cells DO have a nucleus and membrane- bound organellesThese cells DO have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Plants, animals, protists, & fungi are examplesPlants, animals, protists, & fungi are examples

11 Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells Unicellular Organisms Unicellular Organisms –Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell Multicellular Organisms Multicellular Organisms –Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized Cells

12 2. Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their Genetic Traits

13 Two Types of Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Involves a TWO PARENTS PRODUCING A SINGLE or MULTIPLE OFFSPRING

14 Two Types of Reproduction Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction Involves a single organism or cellInvolves a single organism or cell Cell dividesCell divides Offspring IDENTICAL to parentOffspring IDENTICAL to parent

15 3. Cells Have a Genetic Code

16 Genetic Code DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organismsDNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms All organisms contain DNAAll organisms contain DNA DNA codes for the proteins that make up cells & do all the workDNA codes for the proteins that make up cells & do all the work

17 4. Organisms Grow & Develop

18 Growth & Development Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENTOrganisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT Organisms develop as they mature into an adult organismOrganisms develop as they mature into an adult organism

19 5. Cells Require Food & Energy

20 Food Requirements Autotrophs can make their own foodAutotrophs can make their own food Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis)Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis) Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energyChemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy

21 Food Requirements Heterotrophs can NOT make their own foodHeterotrophs can NOT make their own food They must consume other organismsThey must consume other organisms Herbivores eat plantsHerbivores eat plants Carnivores eat meatCarnivores eat meat Omnivores eat plants & animalsOmnivores eat plants & animals

22 Metabolism Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organismSum of all the chemical reactions in an organism All require energyAll require energy Sunlight is the ultimate energy for life on EarthSunlight is the ultimate energy for life on Earth

23 Metabolism Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration –Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O

24 6. Organisms Respond to Stimuli Organisms Respond to stimuli (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) In Order To Survive & ReproduceOrganisms Respond to stimuli (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) In Order To Survive & Reproduce

25 7. Homeostasis Keeping The Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For LifeKeeping The Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.

26 8. Living Things Evolve Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments.Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments. Fossil records show changes in groups of organismsFossil records show changes in groups of organisms

27 Life is Organized on Several Levels

28 Levels AtomsAtoms MoleculesMolecules OrganellesOrganelles Cells – life starts hereCells – life starts here TissuesTissues OrgansOrgans SystemSystem OrganismOrganism

29 Levels PopulationPopulation CommunityCommunity EcosystemEcosystem BiosphereBiosphere

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