Europeans wanted to explore for: Glory God Gold
Glory Exploration led to fame for the explorers and their sponsor country Demand for new land and glory led to competition between countries
God European Christians wanted to stop the spread of Islam and convert non-Christians to their faith Europeans were encouraged to spread Christianity or bring missionaries who would focus on it
Gold $$$ Money $$$ The Crusades and Renaissance stimulated European desires for exotic Asian luxury goods
The Problem: Trade was controlled predominantly by the Ottoman Empire (Muslim Turks/Arabs) and the Italians because of their great location on the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia This caused goods to be very expensive
The solution: Europeans search for direct trade routes to the East Spain: Plan to sail west across Atlantic ocean Portugal: Plan to sail around Africa to India
New Technology in Navigation Magnetic compass made sailing more accurate Astrolabe used stars to show direction
New Technology in Navigation (cont’d) Cartographers made maps more accurately and used longitude & latitude
The caravel was a strong ship that could travel in the open seas & in shallow water A moveable rudder made the caravel more maneuverable Caravels had triangular lateen sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind Cannons & rifles gave ships protection
Europeans conquer Latin America
Europeans take over the Americas and conquer the natives – Aztecs: conquered by Cortes – Incas: conquered by Pizzaro
Three main reasons for European success in conquest: Technology- (guns, cannons, metal armor)
Disease (smallpox, measles, influenza)
Legend of Quetzalcoatl (pale skinned bearded God who promised to return from the East to the Aztecs)
Montezuma: Aztec Emperor who thought Cortez was Quetzalcoatl and paid him tribute.
Effects: Spain becomes wealthy and powerful
Smallpox kills huge numbers of natives
The land is split into two provinces: New Spain (Mexico) Peru
Life in Latin America Ruling: – A Viceroy, or representative of the king, rules very harshly over the new territories Main product – Sugar cane
Encomienda system Spanish settlers are given land and natives
Spanish have two duties to natives: Care for them Christianize them
Result: Natives are actually treated like slaves by their owners Labor shortage Natives died of disease or mistreatment Natives ran away
Solution: Import new slaves from Africa
Cultural Diffusion Spanish Learn Native culture and food (corn, tortilla) Introduce Christianity and horses
Africans – Introduce rice, beans and spices
Social structure in Latin America Peninsular Spanish born settler Creoles Spanish parents; born in Americas Mestizos part Spanish, part Native Mulattoes part Spanish, part African Africans, Natives
European and American Ties
Columbian Exchange – Exchange of plants, animals, technology, and disease between Europe and the Americas
To America: grains, livestock, disease From America: sugar cane, tomato, corn, potato, tobacco, chocolate
Effect – Many migrate to Americas – European, African, Native cultures all become part of Latin America
Ties to Europe Mercantilism: System where colonies in America give raw materials to the mother country to be made into goods then resold back to the colonies
Negative Effects – Price for goods was extremely high – Colonies can’t develop industry – Constant dependence on Mother Country
In the 1500’s slaves are needed to replace the Natives in America who have died or ran away
Atlantic Slave Trade Phase 1 – – Slave raiding (2-3 Africans capture another 3-5 Africans and sell them to the Middle East and Asia)
Phase Whole tribes are given guns and money to capture other tribes to be shipped to the Americas
Negative effects Whole tribes and their cultures are lost The strong were captured first—Society suffers
Agenda: Please take out your vocabulary so that I may check it Fill in your BINGO board with the vocab words (MIX THEM UP!!!) BINGO! Note: – Test Corrections are due TOMORROW – I will grade your essays this weekend – DO NOT WEAR A SKIRT OR DRESS TOMORROW!!!
Destinations of Slaves Brought to the Americas OtherEurope/ Atlantic islands North America Spanish America Caribbean Brazil
Volume Year
Top Ten Reasons Slaves Died on the Middle Passage
1. Length of the Trip
2. Waiting on the Ships
3. Waiting in African Forts
4. Rebellions
5. Suicide 6. Murder
7. Disease 8. Trauma 9. Packing
10. Escape