Complementary distribution

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Complementary distribution An Animated and Narrated Glossary of Terms used in Linguistics presents Complementary distribution

Definition Two forms A and B are in complementary distribution if they never occur in the same environment. E.g. Sun Stars When can they be seen? Only at daytime Only at night Picture Credits: http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumb_65/1150159436x7mZQr.jpg http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/137159main_FirstStars_top_pannel_lg.jpg

Basic Idea The distribution of the two forms do not overlap. Example Distributions Spiderman When there is danger and crime Peter Parker Elsewhere

Complementarity and Identity If an entity X has multiple manifestations, then all manifestations of X would be in complementary distribution. Thus, when two forms are in complementary distribution, One suspects that underlyingly they are really the same thing with different manifestations But this is not necessarily so.

Example from English *[pet] “map” [mæp] “spin” [spin] *[mæph] “pet” [phet] “map” [mæp] “spin” [spin] “rapid” [’ræpid] “rapidity” [rə’phiditi] [ph] occurs as the onset of a stressed syllable. [p] occurs elsewhere. In English, [ph] and [p] are in complementary distribution. *[pet] *[mæph] *[sphin] *[’ræphid] *[’rəpiditi] In phonology for example, the term is used to describe the relationship between two phones

Example from German Why der and den are in complementary distribution? Der only occurs in the subject position whereas Den only occurs in the object position. der den “the” [+ masculine] Der Tisch ist gut. “The table is good.” Ich mag den Tisch. “I like the table.” *Den Tisch ist gut. *Ich mag der Tisch.

Wee, Lian-Hee and Winnie H.Y. Cheung (2009) The End Wee, Lian-Hee and Winnie H.Y. Cheung (2009) An animated and narrated glossary of terms used in Linguistics. Hong Kong Baptist University.