Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 1 If’s – The Basic Idea “Program” for hubby: take out garbage do dishes if you have less than $100 visit the bank withdraw $100 – cash on hand endif drive to Loblaws if potatoes are less than 20 cents a pound buy 10 pounds of potatoes else buy 5 pounds of carrots buy some lettuce endif drive to the LCBO etc. Do only if the “condition” is true. Do one or the other of these actions.

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 2 Basic If Flowchart if (true or false expression) { } Test Condition Execute Statements Is true Is false

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 3 If.. Else Flowchart if (true or false expression) { } else { } Test Condition Execute True Part Is false Is true Execute False Part

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 4 Bool “Bool” is a new type (like “int” and “double” except in that we’re dealing with a different kind of values). int: possible values = 0, 1, 2, -9, etc. double: possible values = , etc. bool: possible values = true, false “True” and “false” are bool constants, just as 0 is an int constant and 4.3 is a double constant. We can have bool variables, just as we can have int and double variables. Note: if you have an older compiler which doesn’t recognize “bool”, place the following after your include directives: typedef enum { false = 0, true = 1} bool;

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 5 C++ Basic If Details Basic If Statement: if (boolean expression) { any number of statements } “boolean expression” is an expression which evalauates to a bool value (e.g. either “true” or “false”). It will often involve “relational” operators (next slide) which compare two values and produce a true/false result. The above format is actually the combination the fundamental C++ if statement (which allows only one statement to be conditionally executed) and the C++ “block statement” (which bundles a number of statements together). If this makes sense (see the text for details), fine. Otherwise just pretend that the fundamental if statement is as shown above.

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 6 Relational Operators <is less than >is greater than <=is less than or equal to >=is greater than or equal to == is equal to != is not equal to These operators compare two “arithmetic” (int or double) values and produce a bool result. PrecedenceOperatorsAssociativity Highestunary -Right castRight * / %Left binary - +Left Left Lowest == != Left

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 7 Sample If Program // include’s omitted void main (void) { int a, b, temp; cout << “Please enter two values: “; cin >> a >> b; if (a > b) { // the standard way of swapping values temp = a; a = b; b = temp; } cout << “The values in order are “ << a << “ and “ << b << endl; } // end main

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 8 Bool Conversions (1) C++ is (unfortunately) very generous in letting us use bool values in situations which require a arithmetic value (and vice versa). It is permissable, for example, to assign a bool value to an int variable, or to add two bools. Rule 1: If a bool value is used in a situation where an arithmetic value is required, the bool value is automatically converted to int. - false is converted to zero - true is converted to a non-zero value (normally 1) Rule 2: If an arithmetic value is used in a situation where a bool value is required, the arithmetic value is automatically converted to bool. - zero is converted to false - non-zero values are converted to true

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 9 Bool Conversions (2) These automatic conversions are of little if any practical value, and C++ would be a better language is they weren’t performed. They are essentially an unfortunate legacy of the history of C and C++, and result in two very nasty pitfalls for the unwary. int a = 4, b = 20; if (5 < a < 8) { // we will get here (surprise 1)... } if (b = 16) { // note missing second ‘=‘ // we will get here (surprise 2)... }

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 10 C++ If..else Details If..Else Statement: if (boolean expression) { any number of statements } else { any number of statements } “boolean expression” is an expression which evalauates to a bool value. The above format is actually the combination the fundamental C++ if..else statement (which allows only one statement in each of the true and false parts executed) and two block statements. If this makes sense (see the text for details), fine. Otherwise just pretend that the fundamental if statement is as shown above.

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 11 Sample If..Else Program // include’s omitted void main (void) { int a, b, largest; cout << “Please enter two values: “; cin >> a >> b; if (a >= b) { largest = a; } else { largest = b; } cout << “The largest of the values is “ << lasrgest << endl; } // end main

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 12 Nested If’s The statements inside an if may include further if statements. This is known as “nested if’s”. void main (void) { int a, b; cout << “Please enter two values: “; cin >> a >> b; if (a < b) { cout << “The 1st value is smaller.” << endl; } else { if (a > b) { cout << “The 1st value is bigger.” << endl; } else { cout << “The values are equal.” << endl; } } // end main

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 13 Quadratic Example (1) A “quadratic” is an equation of the form: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where “a”, “b”, and “c” are constants. Example: 2x 2 – 11x + 15 = 0 In general, quadratics have two solutions (known as the “roots”). In the example given, “x” may be either 2.5 or 3. 2(2.5) 2 – 11(2.5) + 15 = 13.5 – = 0 2(3) 2 – 11(3) + 15 = 18 – = 0 a is 2 b is –11 c is 15

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 14 Quadratic Example (2) The formula for the roots is as follows: If the discriminant is negative there are no real roots (because we can’t take the square root of a negative value). If the discriminant is zero there is only one root (because we get the same answer whether we add or subtract the square root). Otherwise there are two roots. See sample program quad.cpp. -b +/- b2 – 4ac 2a “discriminant”

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 15 C++ Multi-way If Multi-way If Statement: if (boolean expression) { any number of statements } else if (boolean expression) { any number of statements } else if (boolean expression) { any number of statements... } else { // the else part is optional any number of statements } The statements associated with the first true expression are executed. If no conditions are true, the statements in the else part (if there is one) are executed. Not a fundamental C++ statement (just a way of combining if..else and block statements).

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 16 Multi-way If Example if (discriminant < 0) { // no real solutions cout <<... } else if (discriminant == 0) { // one solution solution_1 =... cout <<... } else { // two solutions solution_1 =... solution_2 =... cout <<... } Neater and easier to follow than the nested if’s used in the first quadratic sample program, and reflects the fact that we’re dealing with a three- way choice. See sample program quad-m.cpp.

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 17 Logical Operations AND – result is true if both operands are true. if it is sunny AND you have money visit the beach we are to visit the beach only if it is sunny and we also have some money. OR – result is true if either operand is true. if you have cash OR you have a credit card go shopping we are to go shopping if we have either some cash or a credit card. NOT – result is true if the operand is false. if NOT you have money drop by the bank we are to drop by the bank if we don’t have any money

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 18 Logical Operators &&AND ||OR !NOT These operators operate on bool values and produce bool results. PrecedenceOperatorsAssociativity Highestunary - ! (not)Right castsRight * / %Left binary - +Left Left == != Left && (and) Left Lowest || (or) Left

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 19 Logical Operators Example (1) Checking that the latitude and longitude entered by the user are valid... cin >> lat_1 >> lng_1; if ( (lat_1 > 90.0) || (lat_1 < -90.0) || (lng_1 > 180.0) || (lng_1 < ) ) { // input is invalid cout << “...”; return; // in main = “stop” } The boolean expression evaluates to true if the input is invalid and to false otherwise. If main is declared as “int main”, the return statement must include a value. By convention a non-zero value is used when stopping because of an error.

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 20 Logical Operators Example (2) The same effect can be achieved (if in a less intuitive way) using AND and NOT. cin >> lat_1 >> lng_1; if ( !( (lat_1 <= 90.0) && (lat_1 >= -90.0) && (lng_1 <= 180.0) && (lng_1 >= ) ) ) { // input is invalid cout << “...”; return; // in main = “stop” } The boolean expression within !(...) evaluates to true if the input is valid and to false otherwise. The ! flips true to false and vice versa, making the whole expression true if the input is invalid and false otherwise. This is an example of “deMorgan’s Law”.

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 21 Triangle Example (1) We want a program which will read in three values and output whether or not they represent a triangle (e.g. 3, 4, and 5 represent a triangle, but 1, 10, and 2 don’t). If the values do in fact represent a triangle, the program is also to output the angles of the triangle (in degrees) and whether or not any of them exceed 90 degrees. A B C c a b Cos A = ((b 2 + c 2 ) – a 2 ) / 2bc

Copyright © 2000, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University 22 Triangle Example (2) Three values do not represent a triangle if any one of them is greater than or equal to the sum of the other two. In the diagram below, “b” exceeds the sum of “a” and “c”. a c b cout << “...”; cin >> a >> b >> c; if ( (a >= (b + c)) || (b >= (a + c)) || (c >= (a + b)) ) { // we don’t have a triangle... } else { // we do have a triangle... } See sample program triang.cpp.