“The Making of Middle- Class America” Mr. Calella American Studies I & USI Honors Chapter 11

European Scholars’ Observations on Jacksonian Democracy Alexis de Tocqueville & Gustave de Beaumont Democracy in America Land of “equality” What resource allowed for “equality”? How? Inequality?

Population and Expansion 1790, 3.9 million 1850s, approx. 24 million “Go West!” Where are the major settlements and cities located?

Family Life Industrial Revolution effect on family unit? Women’s increased authority Limited opportunity for women Stereotypical middle-class family unit created

The First Great Awakening Occurred in mid-1700s when religious zeal diminishing Calvinists, Presbyterians, Anglicans “Epidemic of religious emotionalism”

Continued Sermons “dumbed down” All great sinners, but salvation Predestination High emotion American colleges

The Second Great Awakening Predestination refuted Principles of Jacksonian Democracy Individualism Responsibility Charles Grandison Finney Connection to Reform Movements?

Transcendentalists New England writers No conformity to formal religion or materialistic world Look within themselves for truth and guidance In line with individualism of the age Ralph Waldo Emerson-poet Henry David Thoreau- Walden Pond

The Age of Reform Discussion Questions What is a “movement”? “Reform”? Betterment of society Prisons, schools, asylums, etc.

The Temperance Movement 1820s-most consumption per capita Functioning alcoholics Anti-vice movement In line with Second Great Awakening Movement like a PAC Results th Am, then repealed by 21 st Am in 1933 Dorothea Dix Pair Activity