Autotroph Autotroph (Producers) Make their own food Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis - Plants - Some bacteria & protistsHeterotroph (Consumers) Energy obtained by eating

Photosynthesis 6H CO 2  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

How can plants do it? Plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which takes in sunlight and captures it’s energy, in the chloroplasts. –There are two main types of chlorophyll, “chlorophyll a” and “chlorophyll b” When chlorophyll absorbs light, energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule, raising their energy level. These high-energy electrons make photosynthesis work.

Interpreting Diagrams Which wavelengths/ color(s) are absorbed best? Which wavelengths/ color(s) are reflected? What is the relationship between reflection of light and the perception of color?

Not all plants have green leaves… Not all plants have green leaves…  They still have chlorophyll!!  It is just hidden by other pigments.

Why do leaves change colors? Chlorophyll breaks down in cold weather as the strength of the sun’s rays weakens. The other colors, that were always there, show through.

How do we know? Chromatography Method of separating pigments The solvent moves past the spot that was applied The pigments will differ in solubility and in the strength of their adsorption to the adsorbent Some will be carried farther up the plate than others.

Location of Photosynthesis

The Chloroplast The Chloroplast

Process Overview Two steps: 1.Light Dependent (Light Reactions) -> thylakoid 2.Light Independent (Calvin Cycle) -> stroma

A closer look……. Calvin cycle Light- dependent reactions NADP + ADP + P Light H2OH2O O2O2 CO 2 Sugars

Light-Dependent Reactions 1.Light is absorbed by chlorophyll in clusters called photosystems 2.A flow of e- starts 3.This provides energy to make ATP & NADPH 4.Water is split to replace e- and allow the flow to continue & O 2 is released 5.ATP & NADPH go to the stroma to fuel the Calvin Cycle

NADPH When water is split to replace e - in PS-II, H + are left over As free e - reach PS-I, two are picked up by NADP +, resulting in NADP - This negative charge attracts H + ions resulting in NADPH NADP + + 2e -  NADP - NADP - + H +  NADPH NADPH carries electrons (energy source) as well as hydrogen (to build sugars) to the stroma for the Calvin Cycle.

Chemiosmosis Mechanism that generates ATP Uses potential energy of an H + concentration gradient H + flow across the thylakoid membrane into the stroma through an enzyme membrane protein called ATP synthase This drives the (photo) phosphorylation of ATP

Self-Assessment – L.D. Reactions 1.Where in the chloroplast do the light dependent reactions take place? 2.What happens when a molecule of chlorophyll absorbs light? 3.How is water used during the light dependent reactions? (2 uses) What is the bi-product of using water? 4.What two things does NADPH supply for the Calvin Cycle? 5.What is chemiosmosis? What enzyme is involved in this process? What supplies the energy for this process?

Calvin Cycle 1. CO2 enters the stroma 2. It combines with a 5-C sugar RuBP using the enzyme Rubisco to form a 3-C acid (carbon fixation) 3.Using energy from ATP & NADPH high energy sugars (G3P) are made for the plant 4. ADP & NADP + go back to the thylakoid to be “recharged” In order for the “cycle” to continue, RuBP must be regenerated. 3 “turns” of the Calvin Cycle are needed to generate one G3P molecule. In other words, 3 CO2 molecules are used to make 1 G3P and remake RuBP.

Self-Assessment – Calvin Cycle What is “waiting” in the stroma to combine with CO 2 ? What enzyme catalyzes this combination? What is the direct result of this combination? What is the general name to describe this conversion of inorganic CO 2 into a molecule plants can use for biosynthesis? Why is the Calvin Cycle called a “cycle”? How many “turns” are needed to provide the plants with a molecule of sugar?

Process Recap The two sets of photosynthetic reactions work together. The light-dependent reactions trap sunlight energy in chemical form (ATP and NADPH). The light-independent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high- energy sugars.

Global Impact of Photosynthesis Carbon cycle Greenhouse effect Greenhouses gases in atm. prevent some heat from the sun from escaping CO 2, methane, H 2 O vapor are the main GH gases Global warming Excessive levels of GH gases result in more heat being trapped This is not the same thing as ozone depletion

Potential v. Kinetic Energy

Thermal Energy

Heat

Potential Energy Due to Chemical Structure

Food & Energy Food serves as a source of raw materials, or building blocks, for the cells in the body and also as a source of energy. The amount of energy in food is measured in Calories. –1 calorie = amount of energy needed to raise 1g of water 1 degree celsius –A Calorie on food labels is a kilocalorie (1000 calories)

ATP: Structure & Function

Chemical Energy & Food Cells don't “burn” glucose. Instead, they gradually release the energy from glucose and other food compounds. Cellular (aerboic)respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. This process occurs in the mitochondria.

Structure of the Mitochondria

Cellular Respiration Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP (6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP) Cellular respiration is an aerobic process because it requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) There are three steps in cellular respiration –Glycolysis –Krebs Cycle (a.k.a. “Citric Acid Cycle”) –Electron Transport Chain (ETC) In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by fermentation. This is called anaerobic respiration.

Overview of Cellular Respiration Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm One molecule of glucose (6-C) is split, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid (3-C) The cell uses two molecules of ATP to start the process and when glycolysis is complete 4 gross or 2 net ATP and 2 NADH are produced. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP

Fermentation 1.Alcoholic Fermentation: -Performed by yeasts and a few other microorganisms -pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO 2 + NAD + 2.Lactic Acid Fermentation: - in cells, such as muscle cells, the pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to lactic acid - pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD + **Fermentation regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue

Kreb’s Cycle & E.T.C. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid enters the Kreb cycle where it is further broken down, releasing carbon dioxide. ATP is generated in a series of complex reactions that involves high energy electrons moving through the electron transport chain. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor, allowing energy to be released to cells

Kreb’s Cycle Entering the mitochondria, the pyruvic acids from glycolysis are converted to 2-C acetyl CoA molecules by losing a molecule of CO 2 The acetyl CoA molecules enter the Krebs cycle in the matrix and join a 4-C acceptor molecule to form citric acid. This molecule is then broken down in a series of reactions releasing CO 2 and producing the energy molecules ATP, NADH and FADH 2

E.T.C. Electron carriers NADH and FADH2 drop off electrons and release H+ ions along the inner cristae membrane. The energy from the electron flow pumps (against gradient) the H+ ions across the cristae into the inter-membrane space. The ions that diffuse back across the cristae through ATP synthase providing energy to bind ADP + P to make ATP.

Energy Totals Glycolysis produces just 2 net ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. Krebs Cycle & the ETC produce up to 36 additional ATP. Two (per glucose) from Krebs & up to 34 from the ETC. The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in the production of 38 molecules of ATP (net).

Photosynthesis v. Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis: Respiration: Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food