Myers Ch. 7A

EncodingStorageRetrieval

Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Outdated, but still a useful starting point

 Iconic— 250 milliseconds  Echoic— 2 seconds  Tactile  Taste  Olfaction  Holds sensory information in the raw, unprocessed form  If we attend to it, it is encoded in short- term memory

 What you do all of the time for school  Spacing effect  Serial position effect Primacy effect Recency effect

 Automatic processing  Effortful processing  Parallel processing— dejavu (theory)

 Short-term/working memory i.e., memorizing a phone number Chunking Frontal lobe

 Uncertain conclusions— some argue we convert sensory stimuli into verbal information others argue we convert it to an image…others believe it is something more abstract  Rule of 7  Info is gone in seconds if not attended to.

 Rehearsal—Verbal  Elaboration—visual (or otherwise) connection  1) Relatively permanent  2) Assumed to be unlimited  3) Contains different types of memories

 Memory occurs in the synapse via neural connections  LTP—Long term potentiation

 1) Explicit Semantic—meaning Episodic—personal  2) Implicit—unaware of retrieval (i.e., riding a bike, tying shoes, etc…)

 Hippocampus = explicit/declarative  Cerebellum = implicit/ nondeclarative

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIARETROGRADE AMNESIA  Inability to transfer new information from short-term into long term  Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE  Context matters!  This is why you stare at me while taking a test  Don’t study in your bed!!!!!

1) Transience Proactive interference— when information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later. Retroactive interference— when information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier P: proactive O: old R: retroactive N: new

2) Absentmindedness—lapse of attention results in memory failure

3) Blocking—failure to retrieve information that is available—tip of the tongue phenomenon

4 ) Memory misattribution—assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source  New Jersey SC New Jersey SC  Elizabeth Loftus  Eyewitness Testimony Eyewitness Testimony

 Try to remember the list of words I read aloud to you.

#5) Suggestibility—the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections  false memories false memories  1992: El AL cargo Plane, Amsterdam

#6) Bias—distortion of memories due to present knowledge/beliefs/feelings  We remember the good and forget the bad  We like to think of ourselves as consistent so we diminish the memory of change in ourselves—cognitive dissonance

#7) Persistence—the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, usually tied to a heightened level of emotion Embarrassing MomentsFlashbulb Memories