Farm Fallow Three-Field System Farm Fallow Before After Fallow means left unfarmed

The Three-Field System Could farmers yield more crops using half of their land or two-thirds of their land?

Craft Guilds Masons Carpenters Painters Cloth Makers Tanners Bakers Shoemakers, or cobblers Apothecaries Candle makers Cheese maker Rope maker Gold/Silversmith Potter Masons Carpenters Painters Cloth Makers Tanners Blacksmith Butcher Plaster maker Saddle/Harness maker

The Church forbade Christians from lending money at interest. Jews, who were not allowed to make a living in many occupations, became moneylenders since their own religion did not forbid it and it was a way for them to make income. Usury – lending money and charging interest. Because the Jews became the wealthy financiers / bankers in Europe, they were often resented by the poorer Christian population. This matter contributed to rising Anti-Semitism (persecutions of Jews) in Europe. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1t.html#Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism – prejudice and / or hatred toward people who are Jewish. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Growth of the Middle Class England – Burgesses France - Bourgeoisie H.R.E. (Germany) - Burghers Aristocracy / Nobility – have their Lands. Up to now – since Greece and the Roman Senate - that has been the requirement for serving in government / political office. Landowning nobles have held all political power. The new Middle Class -(merchants) now have Money!…something the Aristocracy doesn’t have unless they sell their lands. This new middle class wants Political strength that will match their economic strength. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

The Muslim Connection- Christian scholars began visiting the Muslim libraries of Spain Learned new things about math, science, philosophy, and law Crusaders brought back superior Muslim technology Ships, navigation and weapons

Scholars and Universities- University- Higher institutions of learning Most students were wealthy Wanted a government or church job Bachelors in theology – 5 to 7 years Masters in theology- 12 years Vernacular- Lively everyday language of one’s homeland This brought literature to the people

Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy- Thomas Aquinas argued that religious truths could be proved by logic Wrote the Summa Theologicae Combined ancient Greek thought with modern Christian thought Scholastics- Wise school men As a result of his work people began developing democratic institutions and traditions