Theophrastus Phillippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim

Theophrastus Phillippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Paracelsus

Paracelsus (born 11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln, Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was a Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist.[1] "Paracelsus", meaning "equal to or greater than Celsus", refers to the Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus from the first century known for his tract on medicine.[2][3] He is also credited for giving zinc its name, calling it zincum[4] and is regarded as the first systematic botanist.[Einsiedeln, SwitzerlandSalzburgAustriaphysicianbotanistalchemist astrologeroccultist[1]Aulus Cornelius Celsus[2][3][4][

Hydrogen gas, H2, was first artificially produced and formally described by T. Von Hohenheim (also known as Paracelsus, 1493–1541) via the mixing of metals with strong acids.[54] He was unaware that the flammable gas produced by this chemical reaction was a new chemical element.Paracelsusmetals strong acids[54]chemical reactionchemical element In 1671, Robert Boyle rediscovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas.[55]Robert Boyleironacids[55]

In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by identifying the gas from a metal-acid reaction as "flammable air" and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for its discovery as an element.[56][57]Henry Cavendish metal-acid reaction[56][57] In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier gave the element the name hydrogen (from the Greek hydro meaning water and genes meaning creator)[58] when he and Laplace reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned.[57]Antoine Lavoisier[58]Laplace[57]

Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask.[57] He produced solid hydrogen the next year.[57]liquefied James Dewarregenerative coolingvacuum flask[57]solid hydrogen[57]

DeuteriumDeuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck.[56] Heavy water, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932.[57]Harold UreytritiumErnest RutherfordMark OliphantPaul Harteck[56]Heavy water[57]

François Isaac de Rivaz built the first internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in Edward Daniel Clarke invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in The Döbereiner's lamp and limelight were invented in 1823.[57]Edward Daniel ClarkeDöbereiner's lamp limelight[57]

The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783.[57] Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard.[57] German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900.[57]balloonJacques Charles[57]Henri Giffard[57]Ferdinand von Zeppelin Zeppelins[57]

Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war.World War I

The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on May 6, 1937.[57]R34 heliumHindenburgNew Jersey[57]

The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed. Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the aluminized fabric coating by static electricity. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a lifting gas was already done.aluminizedstatic electricitylifting gas

In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co,[59] because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas this is the most common type in its field today. The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2).[60] For example, the ISS,[61] Mars Odyssey[62] and the Mars Global Surveyor[63] are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. The Hubble Space Telescope, at the time its original batteries were finally changed in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch, led with the highest number of charge/discharge cycles.hydrogen-cooled turbogeneratorcoolantDayton[59]nickel hydrogen battery[60]ISS[61]Mars Odyssey[62]Mars Global Surveyor[63] Hubble Space Telescope

History Discovery and use Main article: Timeline of hydrogen technologiesTimeline of hydrogen technologies Hydrogen gas, H2, was first artificially produced and formally described by T. Von Hohenheim (also known as Paracelsus, 1493– 1541) via the mixing of metals with strong acids.[54] He was unaware that the flammable gas produced by this chemical reaction was a new chemical element. In 1671, Robert Boyle rediscovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas.[55] In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by identifying the gas from a metal-acid reaction as "flammable air" and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for its discovery as an element.[56][57] In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier gave the element the name hydrogen (from the Greek hydro meaning water and genes meaning creator)[58] when he and Laplace reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned.[57]Paracelsusmetalsstrong acids[54]chemical reactionchemical elementRobert Boyleiron acids[55]Henry Cavendishmetal-acid reaction[56][57]Antoine Lavoisier[58]Laplace[57] Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask.[57] He produced solid hydrogen the next year.[57] Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck.[56] Heavy water, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932.[57] François Isaac de Rivaz built the first internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in Edward Daniel Clarke invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in The Döbereiner's lamp and limelight were invented in 1823.[57]liquefiedJames Dewarregenerative coolingvacuum flask[57]solid hydrogen[57]DeuteriumHarold Urey tritiumErnest RutherfordMark OliphantPaul Harteck[56]Heavy water[57]Edward Daniel ClarkeDöbereiner's lamplimelight[57] The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783.[57] Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard.[57] German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900.[57] Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war.balloonJacques Charles[57]Henri Giffard[57]Ferdinand von ZeppelinZeppelins[57]World War I The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on May 6, 1937.[57] The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed. Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the aluminized fabric coating by static electricity. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a lifting gas was already done. In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co,[59] because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas this is the most common type in its field today. The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2).[60] For example, the ISS,[61] Mars Odyssey[62] and the Mars Global Surveyor[63] are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. The Hubble Space Telescope, at the time its original batteries were finally changed in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch, led with the highest number of charge/discharge cycles.R34heliumHindenburgNew Jersey[57]aluminizedstatic electricitylifting gashydrogen-cooled turbogeneratorcoolantDayton[59]nickel hydrogen battery[60]ISS[61]Mars Odyssey[62]Mars Global Surveyor[63] Hubble Space Telescope