10-2 How Should We Manage and Sustain Forests? Concept 10-2 We can sustain forests by emphasizing the economic value of their ecological services, removing government subsidies that hasten their destruction, protecting old-growth forests, harvesting trees no faster than they are replenished, and planting trees.

Solution: Sustainable Forestry Biodiversity researchers and a growing number of foresters have called for more sustainable forest management Identify and protect forest areas ________ in biodiversity Rely more on _____________ and _____________ cutting Stop logging in _________________ forests Reduce _________ building in uncut forest areas Leave dead or fallen timber for wildlife _____________ and nutrient _______________ high selective strip old-growth road habitatcycling

Solution: Sustainable Forestry Put tree plantations only on _________________ or degraded land ________________ timber grown by sustainable methods Include ____________________ services of forests in estimates of their economic value deforested Certify ecological

Science Focus: Certifying Sustainably Grown Timber Collins Pine is a forests products _____________that owns and manages large areas of timberland in California, Oregon and Pennsylvania Has used selective cutting since the 1940s Each year their land is evaluated by a subsection of the _____________ _______________ Council and they are awarded with a _______ logo on their products Only ______ of the world’s forest area in 82 countries has been certified according to FSC standards company ForestStewardship FSC 5%

We Can Improve the Management of Forest Fires In the U.S., the _____________ _________ educational campaign has saved many lives and prevented countless forest fires Downside?…the advertising campaign has convinced much of the public that all forest fires are ________ We actually need _________________ to prevent the build up of flammable underbrush which may cause crown fires To reduce this risk, one strategy is to conduct _________________ fires…setting small, contained surface fires to reduce the buildup of underbrush SmokeyBear bad surface - fires prescribed

A second strategy is to allow some fires on public lands to ____________ A third strategy is to __________ out a forest zone surrounding _____________ or other fire prone buildings A fourth strategy is to thin forest areas vulnerable to fire by removing ____________ trees burn thin houses small

We Can Reduce the Demand for Harvested Trees One way to reduce the pressure on forest ecosystems is to improve the efficiency of wood ________ 60% of U.S. wood consumed is wasted This results from… Inefficient use of ____________________ materials Excess __________________ Overuse of _________ mail Inadequate paper __________________ use construction packaging junk recycling

We Can Reduce the Demand for Harvested Trees We can reduce our need to harvest trees by making paper from ______________ resources China uses _______________ U.S. uses a small amount of __________ (kuh- NAHF) Other possible options…hemp, kudzu vine kenaf tree-free rice straw kenaf

So to reduce our demand for harvesting trees, we need to be… Reducing ________________ Finding ________________ Embracing _________________ use waste alternatives sustainable

Case Study: Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis About _______ of the wood we harvest world-wide is used for __________ Less-developed countries use fuelwood for _______________ and _______________ Ex: Haiti was once a tropical paradise, but now it is an ecological _______________ because its trees were harvested for fuelwood half fuel heating cooking disaster

Mangrove Forest in Haiti Chopped Down for Fuelwood Fig , p. 232

Case Study: Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis Possible solutions Establish small plantations of _______________ fuelwood trees and shrubs Burn wood more efficiently with better _____________ (that also produce less pollution) Solar or wind-generated electricity Burn garden ______________ fast-growing stoves waste

Governments and Individuals Can Act to Reduce Tropical Deforestation Help settlers to develop ____________________ sustainable agriculture and forestry in tropical forest Government _________________ for forest land Debt-for-nature swaps/conservation concessions Example: Brazil’s dairy farmers receive _____________ assistance as long as they are reforesting and maintaining their land…____________ milk yields and ______________ their incomes Plant trees Buy certified lumber and wood products small-scale protection technical tripled doubled

Fig , p. 233 Solutions Sustaining Tropical Forests PreventionRestoration Protect the most diverse and endangered areas Encourage regrowth through secondary succession Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry Subsidize only sustainable forest use Rehabilitate degraded areas Protect forests through debt-for-nature swaps and conservation concessions Certify sustainably grown timber Concentrate farming and ranching in already- cleared areas Reduce poverty Slow population growth

10-3 How Should We Manage and Sustain Grasslands? Concept 10-3 We can sustain the productivity of grasslands by controlling the number and distribution of grazing livestock, and by restoring degraded grasslands.

Some Rangelands Are Overgrazed (1) After forests, grasslands are the ecosystems most widely used and altered by humans Rangelands ____________________ grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that provide forage for animals Grazing = _________________ Browsing = __________________ Pastures ____________________ grasslands and fenced meadows used for grazing livestock unfenced grass shrubs managed

Some Rangelands Are Overgrazed (2) Important ecological services of grasslands ____________________ formation Erosion _____________________ Nutrient _________________ Storage of atmospheric _______ in biomass Maintenance of biodiversity Cattle and sheep currently graze on about _____ of the world’s grasslands…estimated to increase to _______ by Soil control cycling CO 2 42% 70%

Some Rangelands are Overgrazed (3) Overgrazing of rangelands occurs when too many animals graze for too long…damaging the ________ of grasses and exceeding the area’s _____________ _______________ Reduces grass cover Leads to erosion of soil by water and wind Soil becomes compacted…diminishes capacity to hold _____________ Enhances invasion of plant species that cattle won’t eat roots carrying capacity water

Natural Capital Degradation: Overgrazed and Lightly Grazed Rangeland Fig , p. 234

Case Study: The Malpai Borderlands Malpai Borderlands Grasslands located by the ___________________ __________________ border For more than a century, ranchers there…. Allowed __________________ _________________ fires….allowed trees and shrubs to replace grasses Management success story Since 1993, ranchers, scientists, environmentalists, and governing agencies began working together to restore the grasslands – conducted periodic _______________ burns Arizona - New Mexico overgrazing suppressed controlled

Natural Capital Restoration: San Pedro River in Arizona Fig , p. 235 __________________ zone riparian

We Can Manage Rangelands More Sustainably (1) More sustainable management of rangelands… _________________ grazing – cattle are confined by portable fencing to one area for a ____________ time and then moved to a new location Suppress growth of ________________ species Herbicides Mechanical removal Controlled burning Controlled short-term ______________________ Replant barren areas with ___________ grasses and applying fertilizer…more expensive option Rotational short invasive trampling native

Case Study: Grazing and Urban Development the American West American southwest population surge since 1980 Some ranchers have been selling their land to _________________ To sustain our remaining grasslands, we have been working to __________________ cattle ranches Land trust groups pay ranchers for conservation _________________ - deed restrictions that bar future owners from developing the land Pressuring local governments to ___________ the land developers preserve easements zone

Review Questions What does an FSC logo indicate? Why are surface fires needed? What is meant by the term “fuelwood crisis”? What methods will help us to sustain grasslands? It is certified as sustainably made To remove flammable underbrush & maintain grasslands ½ of our wood is used for fuel by LDCs and they need alternatives Rotational Grazing Suppress Invasive Species Replant/Fertilize