From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Plate 3.1. Digital elevation model of Mount St. Helens created from Lidar data, USGS.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 3.1. Elements of a map.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 3.2a, b, c. Inset maps may be used to get a larger map on the page (gain scale), to focus on a small area, or to show where a place is in a larger context.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 3.3. Thematic maps illustrate a particular subject.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 3.4. The visual variables.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 3.5. Shapes can be pictorial, associative, or abstract.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 3.6. Qualitative point symbols.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 3.7. Qualitative linear symbols.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 3.8. Qualitative areal symbols.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 3.9. Dot map.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Graduated circle map.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Quantitative linear symbol, flow lines.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Isarithmic map.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Contour lines are a type of isarithmic line.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Choropleth maps are misleading if absolute values are used.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Molehill or sugar-loaf hill symbols.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure “Woolly worm” hachures.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Layer tints are added to contour lines to help distinguish elevations.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Relief shading gives the impression of a third dimension to contours. From Reprinted courtesy of Tom Harrison.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Methods of showing scale.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Graphic or bar scale.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Large-, medium-, and small-scale maps.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press.