Health Indicators and how they affect Death Rates in Developing vs. Developed Countries Malini Sen Cori Williams Monica Neuman Jaron Abelsohn

Research Question  How are health system indicators in developed and developing countries related to death rates?  Sources: World Health Organization World Health Atlas. Countries were found based on the Human Development Index

Hypothesis  We believe that the developed countries will have lower death rates than developing countries because developed countries will have health systems that are much more capable of dealing with health issues

Variables  Independent: –Number of physicians per 10,000 population –Number of nurses and midwifes per 10,000 –Number of hospital beds per 10,000 –Number of total health workers per 10,000 –Per capita total expenditure on health services (int’l dollar rate) –General government expenditures on health services –Total expenditures on health services as percentage of GDP  Dependent: Death Rates

Independent Summary Statistics DEVELOPED COUNTRIES MeanMedianMode Stand Dev MinMaxN # of Physicians per 10, # Health Workers per 10, Nurses and Midwifes to Physicans Ratio # of Hospital Beds per 10, Per Capita Total Expenditure (int'l dollar rate) N/A Government Expenditure as % of Total Expenditures Total Expenditure as % of GDP Nurses and Midwifes per 10, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MeanMedianMode Stand Dev MinMaxN # of Physicians per 10, # Health Workers per 10, Nurses and Midwifes to Physicans Ratio # of Hospital Beds per 10,000 16N/AN/AN/AN/AN/A5 Per Capita Total Expenditure (int'l dollar rate) Government Expenditure as % of Total Expenditures Total Expenditure as % of GDP Nurses and Midwifes per 10,

Dependent Summary Statistics: Death Rate DEVELOPED COUNTRY: Death Rate Mean Standard Error Median75.5 Mode72 Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis Skewness Range51 Minimum58 Maximum109 Sum2330 Count30 Confidence Level(95.0%) DEVELOPING COUNTRY: Death Rate Mean Standard Error Median429 Mode427 Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis Skewness0.732 Range552 Minimum199 Maximum751 Sum12904 Count30 Confidence Level(95.0%)

Developed Country Regression Regression Statistics Multiple R R Square Adjusted R Square Standard Error Observations30 F-value Significance F Coefft-StatP-valueIntercept E-05 # Physicians per 10,000 pop -1.38E # Health Workers per 10,000 pop -2.55E Per Capita Expenditure 4.43E

Developing Country Regression Regression Statistics Multiple R R Square Adjusted R Square Standard Error Observations30 F-value Significance F Coeff.t-StatP-valueIntercept E-09 # Physicians per 10,000 pop # Health Workers per 10,000 pop -1E Per Capita Expenditure -4E

Park test for Heteroskedasticity Per Capita Health Expenditures were found to be significantly different from 0, because of this we have heteroskedasticity.

Conclusion  We support our hypothesis that developed countries will have lower death rates than developing countries  Because of the problems with the statistics for developing countries, we realize that there are other factors that we have to consider that have an affect on death rates in a developing country.

Thank you!