PLANT DIVERSITY 2 Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms seedless Vascular Seed Plants: -- Have seeds -- Have pollen (containing sperm)

PLANT KINGDOM (major groups) MOSSES (“non-vascular”) FERNS GYMNOSPERMS (conifers) ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants) seedless Vascular Seed Plants: -- Have seeds -- Have pollen (containing sperm)

Seed Plants Have: Vascular Tissue: Functions as in ferns Pollen: a structure that surrounds/contains sperm Allows transport of sperm without water Protects the sperm from drying out Adaptations to life on dry land, can reproduce w/o water SEEDS: a structure surrounding/containing the embryo Protects the embryo (from drying out) Provides food/nourishment for embryo Promotes dispersal of embryo away from established plants—reduces competition Pollen and Seeds are adaptations to dry land or help increase reproductive success.

Pine Trees & firs are Gymnosperms (specifically conifers)

Other Gymnosperms (specifically conifers): Junipers (cypress and cedars)

Cycads are Gymnosperms too

And Ginko Trees

Gnetophytes including Ephedra are also Gymnosperms

Gymnosperm Characteristics Vascular Tissue and Roots can grow large and in relatively dry places POLLEN: Allows fertilization/reproduction and dispersal without water SEEDS: protects the embryo from drying until it can germinate and promotes dispersal We will look closer at pine trees as examples of typical gymnosperms

Pine Trees have…… male cones Needles (leafs) Cones --reproductive structures Female cone

Reproduction, Pollen, and Seeds in Pines Male Cones make pollen Pollen is dispersed by wind wings

Reproduction, Pollen, and Seeds in Pines Female cones make ovules containing the egg scales ovule

Reproduction, Pollen, and Seeds in Pines Ovule w/ egg turns into seed after fertilization Pine seeds have wings and are wind dispersed Wings on pine seeds

What is an Angiosperm?

A plant with flowers

...even when the flowers aren’t obvious Angiosperms with non-showy flowers are typically wind pollinated so large colorful flowers are not needed to attract pollinators and would get in way of wind

Conspicuous flowers use animal pollinators: the key to Angiosperm success

Angiosperm Characteristics Vascular Tissue Can grow large and in relatively dry places Pollen Frequently dispersed by animals—pollinators But also wind (and occasionally water dispersed) Seeds Surrounded by fruit  promotes dispersal of embryo FLOWERS Attract pollinators (color & scent) Reward pollinators (nectar & pollen) Put sex parts in same place to promote pollinations/fertilization FRUIT—structure that surrounds the seed Can provide protection to seed Disperses the seed (MAIN IDEA BEHIND BENEFIT OF FRUIT) Frequently utilizes animals Sweet, fragrant, colorful Dry and “clingy”

Angiosperm pollen Made by anthers, allows sperm to travel to egg w/o water

Sperm nuclei and pollen tube

Fruit With Seed After fertilization: Ovule  seed Ovary of flower  fruit

Fruit with seed

Dry Fruit

Fruit v. Vegetable

Tomato: fruit or vegetable? …….would you put it in a fruit salad?

Tomato: fruit or vegetable Botanically it is a fruit Typically used as a vegetable for cooking/culinary purposes US Supreme court decided that the tomato shall be considered a vegetable in Nix v. Hedden (1893) for Tariff Act of 1883 The 1887 a case came before the supreme court. John Nix sued the collector of port of New York to recover duty (tax) paid on imported vegetables, but they argued they should not have paid because the tomato is a fruit The U.S. Supreme Court decided on May 10, 1893 that the tomato is a vegetable, based on them generally being served with dinner as was typical for vegetables where as fruit were often used as desserts and not part of main course. the court did not purport to reclassify the tomato for botanical or other purpose

Flowers: structure and function Floral Parts: Sepals Petals Stamen/anthers: (produce pollen w/ sperm) Pistil (carpel): ovary (containing egg)

Additional Terms Dioecious: separate male and female individuals/plants (organisms) Monecious: male and female parts on same individual plants (organism)

Dicots v. Monocot Monocot Seed Leaves Flower parts Dicot Seed Leaves One part/cotyledon Leaves parallel venation Flower parts Petals in multiples of three Dicot Seed two parts/cotyledons Leaves netted venation Flower parts Petals in 4’s or 5’s

Monocot Characteristics Eudicot Characteristics Embryos Leaf venation Stems Roots Pollen Flowers Monocot Characteristics Root system usually fibrous (no main root) Floral organs usually in multiples of three One cotyledon Veins usually parallel Vascular tissue scattered Pollen grain with one opening Eudicot Characteristics Figure 30.16 Characteristics of monocots and eudicots Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five Two cotyledons Veins usually netlike Taproot (main root) usually present Pollen grain with three openings