Reptiles Birds and Mammals

Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Classes Agnatha Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptiles Aves Mammalia

Brains The brains of reptiles, birds and mammals are very similar except in size.

Parts of the brain Cerebrum – Thinking, memory and voluntary movements. Cerebellum – Balance and coordination Optic – sight Olfactory – smell Medulla Oblongata – Basic body functions –breathing, heartbeat….

Reptile Examples: snakes, turtles, crocodiles, tuatara Characteristics: claws on toes, scales made from keratin, amniote egg, most are oviparous but a few are ovoviviparous, nictitating membrane, internal fertilization, cold blooded (ectothermic), 3 ½ chamber heart.

Terminology Oviparous – Lays eggs (reptiles and birds) Viviparous – Live birth (mammals) Ovoviviparous – Has internal eggs but live birth. (garter snakes, sharks…)

Amniote Egg

Functions of Parts of Egg Shell – protection Chorion – Gas exchange Amnion – protection Allantois – waste storage Yolk sac – food storage Embryo - baby

Turtles - Testudines Have a shell fused to the rib cage and vertebrae.

Snakes and Lizards - Squamata Lack legs but a few like boa have vestigial legs, hundred of rib, reduced kidneys, reproductive organs and lungs. Everything is elongated. They have awesome sense organs.

Poisonous Lizards There are only two species of venomous lizards. They are the gila monster and the beaded lizard. Komodo dragons are the largest lizard. They are not venomous but their bite is deadly because of all of the bacteria in the saliva.

Gila Monster Beaded Lizard

Venomous Snakes Snakes use a special organ to smell called Jacobson’s Organ. Top 10 1. Fierce Snake 6. Beaked Sea Snake 2. Common Brown 7. Western Tiger Snake 3. Taipan 8. Giant Black Tiger Snake 4. Eastern Tiger 9. Death Adder 5. Riesvie Tiger Snake 10. Western Brown Snake

Crocodiles - Crocodilia Include crocs, alligators, gavil, caimen. Have a four chamber heart.

Tuatara - Rhyncocephilia Most ancient form of reptile. Three eyes (parietal eye), native to some Indonesian islands.

Aves: birds Birds have feathers made from keratin, hollow bones, reduced internal organs (lighter to fly), advanced respiratory system with air sacs, four chamber heart, amniote egg with a calcium shell (oviparous), forelimbs modified into wings, no teeth, scales on the feet, and warm-bloodedness (endothermic).

Bird Anatomy

Feather

Types of Feathers Flight feather – used for flight – wings and tail Contour feathers – aerodynamics – outside of body Down feathers – warmth – next to body Filoplume – nostrils – clean air before entering lungs

down feather flight feather

Bird classification – flying styles Flightless diving birds – penguins Normal flight - eagles, robin… Can fly backwards – hummingbirds Only fly short distances – chickens Flightless – ostriches, rhea, emu, kiwi

Beak Adaptations Different types of food have led t differences in beak types. What type of food do these birds eat?

Foot types Differences in foot design have added birds to live in different habitats.

Behavioral differences Birds have different behaviors. These include nest building, aerial displays, courtship rituals and song.

Mammals

Characteristics Hair Endothermic (warm-blooded) Mammary Glands produce milk for young 4 chamber heart Fat layer beneath the skin Bones in the ear Simple jaw with complex specialized teeth

Feeding Compared to reptiles, mammals must eat 10 times more food. As a result they have specialized teeth like incisors, canine teeth, molar and premolars. The types and designs of the teeth help to classify mammals.

Circulatory System Mammals have a double loop circulatory system. This means that one loop takes the blood to the lungs. The other loop takes the blood out to the body.

Respiratory system To inflate the lungs, muscles lift the ribcage, lower the diaphragm and suck air into the lungs. The liver changes nitrogen wastes in the blood into urea. Kidneys then take the urea out of the blood and expel it as urine.

Nervous System Mammals have the same brain parts as other animals. Sense organs – Mammals have eyes adapted to low light, sharp sense of smell and taste and hearing. Humans have good color vision, good hearing and poor smell and taste

Reproduction Mammals have internal reproduction and live birth. Viviparous

Classification Mammals are classified into three groups based on how they reproduce. These groups are monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals

Monotremes Monotremes are the most primitive mammals with characteristics of reptiles and mammals. Reptile-like = cloaca, ectothermic and lay leathery eggs Mammal-like = Hair, mammary glands but no nipples. Examples: Duck billed platypus, Echidnea

Monotreme pictures

Marsupials Mammals that have extremely immature birth and keep babies in a pouch. Only one North American Marsupial – opossum Other examples – kangaroo, koala, Tasmanian devil, wombat…

Placental Mammals Mammals that have a placenta that they use to nourish the young in the uterus.

Rodentia Have two incisors per jaw that grow their entire lives Examples: Beaver, rat, mice, squirrel

Lagomorpha Have four incisors per jaw that grow their entire lives. Example: rabbit, hare

Edentata Lack teeth or have very small simple teeth. Examples: anteater, sloth, armadillo

Artiodactyla Even number of toes per foot and are plant eaters. Have more than one stomach. Examples: cows, pigs, antelopes, deer, hippo, giraffe

Perissodactyla Have an odd number of toes per foot. Have an appendix and one stomach. Examples: horse, zebra, rhinoceros, tapir

Dermoptera Mammals that glide on skin between their legs. Examples: flying squirrel, flying lemurs

Chiroptera True flying mammals. Fly on skin between their fingers. Examples: Bats

Carnivora Mammals with large canine teeth. Most are meat eaters. Examples: Hyena, lions, tigers, bear, weasels, cats, dogs

Cetacea Have blow hole, live in the oceans and two limbs (flippers). Examples: Whales, dolphin

Sirenia Mammals with no blow hole, two limbs and mistaken for mermaids. Example: Manatee

Pinnipedia Marine mammals with four limbs, no blow hole and are meat eaters. Examples: seal, sea lion, walrus

Proboscidea Large noses (proboscis). Examples: Elephant

Insectivora Mammals with reduced eyes, no external ears, long pointed noses. Examples: moles, shrew

Primates Large brains compared to body size. Opposable thumbs. Examples: human, apes, chimpanzee