Reconstruction Era ( )

President Lincoln’s 10% Plan * “Loyal Rule” * Didn’t ask Congress for approval. * Pardon citizens * 10% vote * Plan to re-admit states back into Union

President Lincoln’s Plan  1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR * “loyal assemblies” * Weak; dependent on Union Army for survival * Military Force * Minority Rule

Lincoln is Dead!  Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater * “Sic Semper Tyrannus!” * Shot in the back of the head * Dies within the day * Andrew Johnson becomes President; must continue Reconstruction

13 th Amendment  Ratified in December,  Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.  Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.  Ended slavery, DID NOT grant citizenship

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.  Northern Abolitionists  Help slaves; gain political power  “Carpetbaggers”

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes “Plenty to eat and nothing to do.”

Johnson & Reconstruction  Jacksonian Democrat  From Tennessee  White Supremacist  Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union “Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

Johnson becomes President after Lincoln's assassination. Pres. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan: I. The majority of voters in each Southern state must pledge their loyalty to the U.S…. II. …and each state must ratify (approve) the Thirteenth Amendment. The Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery, was ratified on Dec.6, 1865

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan  Amnesty for loyalty oath EXCEPT: - Civil War Officers - Former Plantation Owners - Individuals w/ property over $20,000  New State Constitutions  Forbid slavery; secession  Pay back war debt to Feds.  Johnson chose (did not elect) new governors

Slavery is Dead?

Growing Northern Alarm!  Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.  Johnson granted 13,500 “special pardons”  Plantation owners resume political power  Revival of southern defiance; racism BLACK CODES

Black Codes  Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply * Restore pre-emancipation race relations * Assures whites will earn more $$ than blacks  Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Sharecropping

Black Codes - laws that severely limited the rights of freedmen. African- Americans were forbidden from… …voting. …owning guns. …serving on juries. …running for political office.

Section 6. All contracts for labor made with freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes for a longer period than one month shall be in writing…and if the laborer shall quit the service of the employer before the expiration of his term of service, without good cause, he shall forfeit his wages for that year up to the time of quitting. Section 3. …it shall not be lawful for any freedman, free negro or mulatto to intermarry with any white person; nor for any person to intermarry with any freedman, free negro or mulatto; and any person who shall so intermarry shall be deemed guilty of felony, and on conviction thereof shall be confined in the State penitentiary for life. Section 5. Every freedman, free negro and mulatto shall…have a lawful home or employment, and shall have written evidence thereof…if living in any incorporated city, town, or village, a license from that mayor thereof; and if living outside of an incorporated city, town, or village, from the member of the board of police of his beat, …which license may be revoked for cause at any time by the authority granting the same.

Congress Breaks with the President  Congress bars S. Congressional delegates.  Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.  February, 1866  President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill.  March, 1866  Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.  Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1 st time in U. S. history!!!!

Radical Reconstruction ( )

14 th Amendment  Ratified in July, * Natural-Born Citizens. * Citizens Rights * Pay back for war debt  Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

Radical Plan for Readmission  Military supervision (Martial Law)  States must:  Ratify 13 th, 14 th Amendments  Black Suffrage  In March, 1867, Congress passed act to have military enroll black voters!

Reconstruction Acts of 1867  Military Reconstruction Act * 10 S. states refuse to ratify 14 th Amend. * Divide 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867  Command of the Army Act * All Reconstruction acts must go through Army Commander  Tenure of Office Act * President can not remove cabinet member’s w/o Congress consent  Is this law constitutional??? Edwin Stanton Sec. of War

President Johnson’s Impeachment  Johnson removes Stanton Feb  Johnson puts pro-S. Generals in charge  House impeaches Feb. 24 th by vote of

The Senate Trial  11 week trial.  Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

African-Americans & Govt. Free blacks able to vote/participate in govt.Free blacks able to vote/participate in govt. White hysteriaWhite hysteria Fear of “black oppression”Fear of “black oppression” Southern states feel need to “re-establish” white ruleSouthern states feel need to “re-establish” white rule Examples: - Poll Taxes- Ku Klux Klan - Black Codes- Lynchings

White Hysteria: Colored Rule in the South?

The Balance of Power in Congress StateWhite CitizensFreedmen SC291,000411,000 MS353,000436,000 LA357,000350,000 GA591,000465,000 AL596,000437,000 VA719,000533,000 NC631,000331,000

Black & White Political Participation

Black Senate & House Delegates

Blacks in Southern Politics  Core voters were black veterans from Civil War  Some held political office  However, blacks were politically unprepared.  The 15 th Amendment guaranteed federal voting.

15 th Amendment  Ratified in  Amendment 15: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”  IMPACTS: - Forbid denying the right to vote based on race - Forbid denying the right to vote based on race

The Failure of Federal Enforcement  Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act].  “The Lost Cause.”  Little to no enforcement, abuse of blacks remains in South

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Abandoning Reconstruction  Northern support decreases  “Grantism” & political corruption  Panic of 1873  Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars.  Congress leaves enforcement up to states  “Poll Taxes”  Literacy Tests  Grandfather Clause