Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 1 Exploring Life

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: Biology’s Most Exciting Era Biology- ????????????????????

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: Biology’s Most Exciting Era Biology- scientific study of life

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Life: – Difficult to define – Recognized by what living things do – How do biologists define life?

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some properties and processes of life 1.Order 2.Evolutionary adaptation 3.Response to environment

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some properties and processes of life 4. Regulation 5. Energy processing 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and development

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 1.1: Biologists explore life from the global to microscopic scale

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY Life’s levels of organization: – Hierarchical levels of biological organization

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Biosphere- All environments on earth that support life

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Biosphere- All environments on earth that support life 2. Ecosystem all the organisms living in a certain area nonliving environmental components

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3. Community- All the living organisms in an ecosystem

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4. Population- localized group of individuals of a species

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5. Organism- An individual living entity

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6. Organ System- Nervous System 7. Organ- Brain

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8. Tissue- Nervous tissue 9. Cell- Nerve Cell

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 10. Organelle- Nucleus 11. Molecule- DNA

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hierarchical levels of biological organization B E C P O T C O M

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings BIO 151 FALL 2007 Hierarchy Mnemonic Betty Eats Chocolate Pudding Out Of Old Tuna Cans On Mondays

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Describe your Hometown using the Hierarchy! Biosphere- Earth Ecosystem- Cleveland, OH: Humans, lake, roads, raccoons… Community- Humans, raccoons… Population- Raccoons Organism- Ralph the Raccoon Organ system- Ralph’s circulatory system Organ- Heart Tissue- Muscle tissue Cell- Cardiac Muscle cell Organelle- Mitochondrion Molecule- Protein

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 1.2: Biological Systems A system – combination of components that form a more complex organization – Ex: nervous system

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Emergent Properties of Systems Emergent Properties- Properties that emerge as a result of the complex organization of a system “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” Ex: Parts: several organs mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines Whole: digestive system Emergent properties: digestion/absorption Think of a parts/whole example observed in everyday life. Think of one emergent property of that system.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systems Biology Systems biology Create models of the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems – Predict how a change in one part of a system will affect the rest of the system

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Power and Limitations of Reductionism Reductionism Reduces complex systems Simpler components Ex: Study of DNA structure  Human Genome Project

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Concept 1.5: Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature: 1. Discovery Science 2. Hypothesis-Based Science

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Data Data- Recorded observations Quantitative- measurable; EX: Length, height, weight, speed, time… Qualitative- Data can be observed, not measured; EX: Colors, textures, smells, appearance … Figure 1.24

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Discovery Science Scientists describe some aspect of the world Draw general conclusions Ex: “Trees lose their leaves in the fall.” Inductive reasoning: Large number of specific observations Generalizations

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hypothesis-Based Science Scientists attempt to explain observations by testing hypotheses Ex: “Why do trees lose their leaves in the fall?” Deductive reasoning General observation Specific conclusion

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Discovery Science- – Descriptive – Inductive reasoning: Specific observations  Generalizations 2. Hypothesis-Based Science- – Explanative – Deductive reasoning: Generalizations  Specific conclusions

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1.8 Hypothesis-Based Science Step 1: Observation Step 2: Question Step 3: Pose a hypothesis – Hypothesis- tentative answer to some question – Q: “Why do trees lose their leaves in the fall?” – H: “Trees lose their leaves in the fall because the days get shorter”

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1.8 Hypothesis-Based Science Step 1: Observation Step 2: Question Step 3: Pose a hypothesis – Q: “Why is my flashlight not working?” – H #1: “My flashlight is not working because the batteries are dead.”

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hypothesis-Based Science Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Step 4- Make a prediction Step 5- Test the hypothesis Step 6- If a hypothesis is correct, then we can expect a certain outcome Figure 1.8A

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Step 6- If a hypothesis is supported, then we can expect a certain outcome. Does the test support the hypothesis? No = must reject your hypothesis Make new hypothesis and test Figure 1.8A

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1.8 Hypothesis-Based Science Step 1: Observation Step 2: Question Step 3: Pose a hypothesis – Q: “Why is my flashlight not working?” – H #2: “My flashlight is not working because the bulb is burnt out.”

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hypothesis-Based Science Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Step 4- Make a prediction Step 5- Test the hypothesis Figure 1.8A

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Step 6- If a hypothesis is supported, then we can expect a certain outcome. Does the test support the hypothesis? Yes = you can accept your hypothesis Figure 1.8A

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Real-life example:???????????????????????????? Hypothesis-Based Science Step 1: Observation Step 2: Question Step 3: Pose a hypothesis Step 4: Make a prediction Step 5: Test the hypothesis (How?) Step 6: If hypothesis is supported by test, then we can accept the hypothesis

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cholesterol Reducing Drug Trial Use 6 steps of hypothesis based science Step1: Observation- Drug active ingredients may lower cholesterol Step 2: Question- Can this drug lower cholesterol? Step 3: Hypothesis- This drug will lower blood cholesterol Step 4: Prediction- If the cholesterol of the patients that take this drug decreased then this drug is effective at decreasing cholesterol in humans Step 5: Experiment- A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Clinical Drug Trial

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cholesterol Reducing Drug Trial Step 5: Experiment- Experimental vs. Control group: 2000 people with high cholesterol recruited for study Experimental people receive drug Control people do not receive drug, get placebo Study Results: Experimental- 93% show significant decrease in cholesterol Control- 20% show significant decrease in cholesterol Step 6: If a hypothesis is supported by test, then we can accept the hypothesis A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Clinical Drug Trial

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Theories in Science 1. Observations 2. Hypotheses 3. Theory 4. Law – A scientific theory Is broad in scope Generates new hypotheses Is supported by a large body of evidence

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Ch. 1: 7 properties and processes of Life Biological hierarchy Reductionism vs. Systems Biology? – Emergent properties Discovery science vs. Hypothesis-based? – Inductive vs. deductive reasoning