Unit 5: The Long 19 th Century

Major Characteristics ► European dominance of long-distance trade ► Inequalities of classes due to Industrialization ► Inequalities of regions increase due to in imperialism ► Independence movements, revolutions

Industrialization ► Started in England b/c agricultural revolution, colonies, new technology, available resources like coal and iron, economic and political stability ► Improvements in transportation- steam engine, railroads ► Caused problems w/ urbanization, pollution, working conditions, creation of middle class, lessening of influence of nobles, larger gap between wealthy/poor

Imperialism ► Western empire building by forceful economic and political domination ► Reasons: nationalism, new weapons, need raw goods, need market for goods, Social Darwinism, white man ’ s burden, missionary, ethnic divisions in colonies

Imperialism ► Exploration made possible by drugs preventing spread of disease, steam engine ► Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference  European countries ability to claim and control African countries; only countries not conquered Ethiopia and Liberia ► Lines drawn by Europeans make difficult for some to have enough resources and create problems of ethnic strife

Imperialism ► Middle East: mostly economic imperialism ► India  British East India Company control  Sepoy Rebellion- Indian troops revolt b/c of meat cartridges, force British military to come in  Becomes British colony  Produce cotton, other products; provides good market b/c so many people  Indian National Congress: mostly Hindus; goal to promote political unity and appoint more Indians to positions in British gov ’ t  All-India Muslim League: nationalist group for Muslims

► China  Opium Wars- British try to find something to trade with them so bring in opium; Chinese not industrialized, behind in military technology  Treaty of Nanjing 1842 ► Extraterritorial rights: exempt from Chinese laws at 5 ports ► Br. Control Hong Kong  Open Door Policy (U.S. suggestion) ► China ’ s ‘ doors ’ be open to merchants from all nations  European sphere of influence ► Japan  Commodore Perry ‘ requests ’ trade w/ Japan  Japan industrializes, imperializes China; Korea becomes colony  Meiji Restoration: ‘ enlightened rule ’ ; reforms fashioned after West

American Imperialism ► Monroe Doctrine – U.S. declared Americas (N/S) not open to imperialism; backed by British ► Panama Canal U.S. built, controlled; so have easy access to both coasts ► Spanish-American War- America mad at Spanish involvement in Cuba; we win; gain Spanish colonies ► Economic imperialism in China, Pacific: military bases

Political Concepts of 19 th Century: ► Political Ideology  Conservatism: believe in monarchy, preserving traditions  Liberalism: Enlightenment principles, constitutions, individual rights  Radicalism: socialism, etc need radical change  Communism ► Nationalism  Loyalty to the nation not a ruler  Self determination

Social Aspects of 19 th Century ► Cult of domesticity: women ’ s responsibility at home ► Separate spheres:  men ’ s sphere: the outside world  women ’ s sphere: the home ► Rise of the middle class

Revolutions ► America Enlightenment, democracy, educated elite, Declaration of Independence (1776); Articles of Confederation (1781); Constitution (1789) ► French, Three Estates; Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; bloody/guillotine, radical, reject church, class hierarchies– led to Napoleon ► Haiti, 1800s- French busy, influenced by Am and France, slave revolt, 1 st place where ALL men completely equal

Revolutions ► Mexico, church contributed, Creole elite uprising, civil war, create republic, eventually peasants able to overcome elite ► China, upset by foreign influence, series of minor uprisings, nationalist movement, republic created; Last Chinese dynasty (Qing) ends ► Russia, civil war, communist revolution led by Lenin, try to quickly industrialize, spurred by WWI, agriculture collectivization