The High Intensity Frontier Franco Cervelli INFN-Pisa 7 Nov, 2005

Historically, many fundamental discoveries and measurements have come from accelerators which were not the highest energy machine available at the time: weak neutral currents at the CERN PS J/  at the AGS (Brookhaven) limits on the lepton-number conservation most of the parameters of CP violation etc.

Current (  A) BEAM ENERGY, BEAM CURENT, AND BEAM POWER OF WORLD’S PROTON MACHINES JHF JHFHIPS

BEAM FLUXES: ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE PHYTHIA: E = 30 GeV, I = 80  A

SUSY connection between D μ, μ → e (LFV)

∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ χ χ ∼ ∼ In Supersymmetry (similar examples in other BSMs): ∝ f( Δ m q 2, λ a ), a≥1 ∼ ∼ Sensitive to whether GIM suppression operates in the scalar quark sector: tests of scalar quark mixings and mass differences ∝ C m t 2 λ 5, C=complex, λ= sin θ c GIM suppression of light-quark contributions, dominated by high mass scales In the SM: Why study Rare Kaon Decays

is a crucial element in the exploration of the new physics discovered at the LHC. Accuracies at the level of 10% would already provide precious quantitative information K + → π + ν ν K 0 L → π 0 ν ν K 0 L → π 0 e + e − K 0 L → π 0 μ + μ − A measurement of the 4 decay modes

HIF for QCD Physics

Objects of Interest Mesons/Baryons Molecules/Multiquarks Hybrids Glueballs + Effects due to the complicated QCD vacuum QuarkAntiQuark

How many isotopes are produced per second?

Proton Driver Rings

Design Goals  4-5 MW beam power on target  Very short pulse duration (~1 ns rms)  Very low beam loss (~10 -4 )  Note: most proton drivers under study are based on synchrotrons (US, JKJ, UK)

European Scenarios  SPL + accumulator and compressor rings  5 GeV, 50 Hz synchrotron-based system  15 GeV, 25 Hz synchrotron-based system  30 GeV, 8 Hz slow cycling synchrotron  8 GeV, Hz rapid cycling synchrotron for ISIS/Fermilab, plus upgrades

Synchrotron-based Proton Drivers  Low energy linac (~150 MeV)  Booster synchrotrons to accumulate proton beam and perform some acceleration  Main synchrotrons to complete acceleration and compress the bunches.

Proton Driver Figure of Merit  For a given power (4MW), target peak proton power density ~ 1/(Kinetic energy T x frequency f). F=T  f is a useful figure of merit.

Proposed rotating tantalum target ring Targetry Many difficulties: enormous power density  lifetime problemspion capture Replace target between bunches: Liquid mercury jet or rotating solid target Stationary target: Densham Sievers

HIF : Regional Activities

180 MeV H - Linac Two 1.2 GeV, 50 Hz Rapid Cycling Synchrotrons 2 bunches of protons 4 bunches of protons Two 5 GeV, 25 Hz Rapid Cycling Synchrotrons Collimation Injection Momentum Ramping RAL 5 GeV Proton Driver

Primary Beams /s; GeV/u; 238 U 28+ Factor over present intensity 2(4)x10 13 /s 30 GeV protons /s 238 U 92+ up to 35 GeV/u up to 90 GeV protons Secondary Beams Broad range of radioactive beams up to GeV/u Antiprotons GeV Cooled beams Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets Key Technical Features Storage and Cooler Rings Radioactive beams e - – A (or Antiproton-A) collider stored and cooled GeV antiprotons Polarized antiprotons(?) UNILAC SIS FRS ESR SIS 100/300 HESR Super FRS NESR CR RESR FLAIR International FAIR Project: Characteristics

HIF : International Facilities

What at CERN?

HIF : in Italy

A Super-B Factory

Conclusions