3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem. Nutrient Cycles Ocean Land Organisms Sediments

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 2 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like DNA (genetic code storage) and RNA (making proteins). Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate—in rocks. Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as sediments wear down.

Slide 3 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Cycles of Matter

Slide 4 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-3 Cycles of Matter How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 5 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Recycling in the Biosphere Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. (Closed system)

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 6 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Matter (elements, chemical compounds, etc.) are passed from one organism to another Matter is assembled into living tissue, passed out of the body, or decomposed. AND from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles. Recycling in the Biosphere

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 7 of 33 Biogeochemical cycles definition – connect biological, geological, and chemical aspects of the biosphere. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 8 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. You are here

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 9 of 33 Transpiration definition - evaporation specifically off of leaves and plants. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 10 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients. Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 11 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Carbon Cycle Biological processes photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition take up and release carbon and oxygen. Geochemical processes erosion and volcanic activity release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 12 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles Photosynthesis feeding Respiration Deposition Carbonate Rocks Deposition Decomposition Fossil fuel Volcanic activity Uplift Erosion Respiration Human activity CO 2 in Ocean Photosynthesis BIO – GEO - CHEMICAL

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 13 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles Photosynthesis feeding Respiration Deposition Carbonate Rocks Deposition Decomposition Fossil fuel Volcanic activity Uplift Erosion Respiration Human activity CO 2 in Ocean Photosynthesis BIO – GEO - CHEMICAL

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 14 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle All organisms require nitrogen to make nucleic acids and proteins! Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth-80% of atmosphere is N 2 gas. THIS IS UNUSABLE BY ALMOST EVERYTHING, EXCEPT… Bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes (beans, clover, etc.). They convert nitrogen gas (unusable form) into ammonia (usable form) in a process known as nitrogen fixation.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 15 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall THEN… Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites. Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins. Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins or nucleic acids. Nutrient Cycles

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 16 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nitrogen Cycle Biological Processes – Decomposition, excretion, nitrogen fixation, eating plants, carnivores/omnivores eating herbivores/omnivores, bacterial nitrogen fixation Geochemical Processes – Lightning strikes, synthetic fertilizer manufacture Nutrient Cycles

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 17 of 33 SCIENCE IS FUN FACTS! (Not needed for notes) Lightning??? Atmospheric Fixation The enormous energy of lightning breaks nitrogen molecules and enables their atoms to combine with oxygen in the air forming nitrogen oxides. These dissolve in rain, forming nitrates, that are carried to the earth. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation probably contributes some 5– 8% of the total nitrogen fixed Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 18 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles Bacterial nitrogen fixation N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition, excretion Atmospheric nitrogen fixation Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Denitrification Decomposition, excretion NO 3 and NO 2 BIO-GEO- CHEMICAL

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 19 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles Bacterial nitrogen fixation N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition, excretion Atmospheric nitrogen fixation Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Denitrification Decomposition, excretion NO 3 and NO 2 BIO-GEO- CHEMICAL

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 20 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nitrogen fixation definition – converting nitrogen gas into ammonia by bacteria in soil and on roots of plants called legumes. Denitrification definition – Converting nitrates into nitrogen gas by different bacteria in the soil. Nutrient Cycles

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 21 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Limitation The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers. One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 22 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth. When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient. Example: Lower amounts of nitrogen or phosphorus LIMIT the growth of plants Nutrient Limitation

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 23 of 33 Transformations 1.Carbon cycle: Organic compounds to CO 2 (processes: respiration, decomposition, or fire) 2.Carbon cycle: CO 2 to organic compounds (process: photosynthesis) 3.Nitrogen cycle: N 2 to NO 3 (atmospheric nitrogen to plant utilizable nitrate) (process: N-fixation) 4.Nitrogen cycle: N 2 to NH 3 (plant utilizable ammonia) (process: Haber-Bosch Industrial N-fixation) 5.Water cycle: Liquid water to water vapor (process: evaporation and transpiration) 6.Water cycle: Water vapor to liquid water (process: condensation) Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 24 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Transpiration is part of the a.water cycle. b.carbon cycle. c.nitrogen cycle. d.phosphorus cycle.

Slide 25 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of a.carbohydrates. b.carbon dioxide. c.calcium carbonate. d.ammonia.

Slide 26 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances a.start as simple organic forms that plants need. b.provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need. c.are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms. d.are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.

Slide 27 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing a.plants. b.bacteria. c.detritivores. d.animals.

Slide 28 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is a.runoff. b.algal death. c.algal bloom. d.less primary productivity.

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