Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry

Organic Compounds Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon (with the exception of CO 2 and a few others).

Make up most of living organisms Carbon can easily bond with up to 4 other elements 4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds Organic Compounds

Carbon can form various bonds

Carbon atoms form the “backbone” of long chains or rings Organic molecules can be extremely large and complex; these are called macromolecules (or polymers) Organic Compounds

Ring structured

Functional Groups Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon backbone to form different types of compounds. These reactive clusters of atoms are called functional groups. Elements include: H, O, S, N & P

Functional Groups Hydroxyl group -OH Found in alcohols E.g. Ethanol Polar

Functional Groups Carboxyl group -COOH Found in acids Polar E.g. Vinegar - acetic acid CH 3 COOH

Functional Groups Amino group -NH 2 Found in bases E.g. Ammonia

Functional Groups Sulfhydryl group -SH Often referred to as a thiol group Found in Rubber - Thiols smell like garlic and are often added to natural gas to provide a detectable smell.

Functional Groups Phosphate group -PO 4 Found in ATP

Carbonyl group If this group is at the end, the compound is called an aldehyde If it is found in the middle, it is called a ketone Functional Groups

Carbonyl group #1 The Aldehydes -COH E.g. Formaldehyde

Functional Groups Carbonyl group #2 The Ketones -CO- E.g. acetone

Functional Groups TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE What functional groups are in this molecule?

Test Your Knowledge… Name the functional groups

Test Your Knowledge… Name the functional groups Amino group Sulfhydryl group Carboxyl group Carbonyl group (Ketone)

Organic Compounds The 4 main types of organic macromolecules: CarbohydratesLipids ProteinsNucleic Acids

Making & Breaking Organic Compounds Anabolic Reactions Condensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction) The removal of a –H from the functional group of one unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water molecule (H 2 O). Energy absorbed

Making & Breaking Organic Compounds Catabolic Reactions Hydrolysis Reactions A water molecule (H 2 O) is used to break a covalent bond holding subunits together. A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another Energy released

Enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up reactions without actually being consumed in the reaction. They are needed for condensation & hydrolysis reactions.

Enzyme Action Example:

Isomers Isomers are molecules that have the same formula, but a different physical structure. Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and galactose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) are examples of isomers.

Isomers Because of their differing arrangement of the atoms, they have different physical and chemical properties. E.g. Carvone is a flavour compound that. There are 2 isomers of carvone. One makes things taste like spearmint the other like caraway.

End Part I Get ready for Carbohydrates!

Carbohydrates Main energy source for living things Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for cell activities Plants store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates called starches

The most common organic material on Earth. The general formula is C : H : O Count the # of each atom in the molecule shown here: In a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 Carbohydrates

What are the functional groups on carbohydrates?

Their functional groups include: 1.Carbonyl group (an aldehyde or ketone) 2.Hydroxyl groups

There are 3 major classes: - Monosaccharide, - Oligosaccharide and - Polysaccharide Saccharide (means “Sugar” in Greek) The names of carbohydrates end in “ose”. Carbohydrates

Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons are linear in the dry state but form rings when dissolved in water.

Monomer of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Simple sugar It is the main source of energy in the body Eg. glucose – most common galactose – milk sugar fructose – fruit sugar

Carbohydrates Oligosaccharides are sugars containing 2 or 3 simple sugars attached to one another by covalent bonds called glycosidic linkages. Recognize the dehydration reaction?

Examples of Disaccharides

Sucrose = glucose + fructose Table sugar Maltose = glucose + glucose Sugar in beer Lactose = glucose + galactose Sugar in milk

Carbohydrates Large molecules of many monosaccharide are called polysaccharides Also known as complex carbohydrates. Examples: glycogen – animals use it to store excess sugar starch – plants use to it store excess sugar cellulose – fibers that give plants their rigidity & strength Chitin – exoskeleton & fungi

Polysaccharide: many sugars Some polysaccharides are straight, others are branched.

Starch A storage molecule for plants. It is made of 2 polysaccharides: –Amylose –Amylopectin The chains form tight coils which make them insoluble in water.

Cellulose Cellulose molecules are not coiled or branched. The chains form cross-linkages between each other. The fibers intertwine to form microfibrils. Used to build cell walls.

Chitin Exoskeleton of insects & crabs The cell wall of fungi Chitin has uses in medicine: –Contact lenses –Biodegradable suture thread

Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? cellulose chitin glucose glycogen sucrose starch

Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? Cellulose P Chitin P Glucose M Glycogen M Sucrose D Starch P

Lipids Store more energy than CHOs because the chains are longer Ex: Fats, oils, waxes Won’t dissolve in water

Lipids Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings Steroids are lipids that act as chemical messengers

Lipids Many lipids are made from a glycerol combined with fatty acids –If all carbons have single bonds, lipid is saturated –Ex: butter, lard, animal fat (usually solid at room temperature) –If any carbons have double or triple bonds, lipid is unsaturated –Ex: vegetable oil, fish oil, peanut oil (usually liquid at room temperature)

Proteins Contain C, H, O, plus nitrogen Formed from amino acids joined together More than 20 amino acids can be joined in any order or number to make countless proteins (think of how many words can be made from 26 letters!)

Proteins Chains are folded and twisted giving each protein a unique shape Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain protein’s shape Shape of protein is important to its function!

Proteins Provide structure –Ex: Collagen- makes up your skin, muscles & bones Aid chemical activities in your body –Ex: Enzymes- work to speed up rxns in your body Transport substances into or out of cells Help fight diseases

Nucleic Acids Contain C, H, O, N plus phosphorus Formed by bonding of individual units called nucleotides nucleotide Nucleic Acid

Nucleic Acids Store and transmit hereditary information –Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)