Topic 5: Energy and Earth Processes

Energy Transfer Learning Objectives Describe the difference between kinetic and potential energy and give one real-life example of each. Describe the three ways energy is transferred between objects. Give at least one real-life example for each type of energy transfer. Explain how electromagnetic energy travels. Explain how types of energy are different apart. Give examples of materials which make the best absorbers and reflectors of energy.

Temperature Learning Objectives Convert temperatures between the three temperature scales. Describe the relationship between temperature and molecular motion. Describe absolute zero in terms of molecular motion.

Temperature Learning Objectives Explain the concept of specific heat in your own words and with real-life examples. Use the ESRTs to predict which earth materials will heat the fastest or slowest based upon their specific heats. Identify that water (liquid) has the highest specific heat of any Earth material. Explain why, in terms of specific heat, materials that are good absorbers are also good radiators.

Heating of Water Learning Objectives Correctly label the water heating graph with the following characteristics: freezing, melting, condensing, and evaporating. Identify when heat is being gained or lost by water on the water heating graph. Explain which phase changes require the biggest gains/losses of energy for water. Calculate the rate of temperature change for water.

Energy: The ability to do work Earth’s two Heat Engines 1) External: The sun drives surface processes Effects: Wind patterns and ocean currents

2.) Internal: Decay of radioactive elements Effects: Plate tectonics

Electromagnetic Energy Form: Energy that travel in the form of waves Characteristics Wavelength: Distance from crest to crest What is the name given to different types of radiation? Electromagnetic radiation

Interactions Between Electromagnetic Energy and the Environment 1) Refraction: Waves are bent due to density differences 2) Reflection: Light waves bounce off of materials

Waves are reflected and refracted in all directions 3) Scattering: Waves are reflected and refracted in all directions Explanation

4) Transmitted: Light waves are able to pass through 5) Absorbed: Light waves are taken into the material and turned to heat

Surface Properties of Absorption Color: Dark absorbs and light colors reflect Texture: Rough absorbs and Smooth reflects Relationship between absorption and radiation: Good absorbers of radiation are also good radiators!!!!!!

Transfer of Energy Direction of energy transfer: Always goes from high to low Achieving Dynamic Equilibrium: Heat is transferred until temps. are equal Types of Energy Transfer 1) Conduction: Energy moves from direct contact of particles Materials: Most often with solids Eureka

Transfer of energy due to density differences 2) Convection: Transfer of energy due to density differences Materials: Only occurs in fluids (liquids and gasses) Where does it occur? Atmosphere and bodies of H2O Eureka

The transfer of energy in the form of waves 3) Radiation: The transfer of energy in the form of waves Material: No medium necessary The more energy an object has the more it gives off!!! Eureka

Transformation of Mechanical Energy The total kinetic and potential energy in a system Kinetic Energy: The energy of motion Factors of K.E.: Mass and velocity Potential Energy: Stored energy Factors of P.E.: Mass and position Transformation of P.E. to K.E.

Transformation of Electromagnetic Radiation What is the relationship between temp. and wavelength of light that is radiated? Smaller Wavelength = More Energy Does the sun radiate shorter or longer wavelengths of light than earth ? Shorter (Sun emits UV and Visible) Which wavelength of light is radiated from earth? Infrared Can This Be A Problem ????

Greenhouse Doom and Gloom

Temperature and Heat Kinetic theory of matter: All matter is made of atoms that are moving Temperature: Average kinetic energy of a system or object What is the relationship between kinetic energy and temp.? Direct

Heat and Thermal Energy Hot: Energy leaves the object and goes to body Cold: Energy leaves the body and goes to object Calorie: Energy needed to change the temperature of one gram of water 10 c Liquid water has a higher specific heat than any other natural substance!!!!!!!!!

Heat Energy and Changes in State Melting: Solid to liquid Freezing: Liquid to a solid Solidification: Liquid to a solid Evaporation: Liquid to a gas Condensation: Gas to a liquid Sublimation: Solid directly to a gas Precipitation: Gas directly to a solid

Temp. increases (molecules move faster) During melting: Notice what Happens to Temperature From -100 to 0: Temp. increases (molecules move faster) During melting: Bonds break (334 J/g used) 0-100: Temp. of liquid water increases During Vaporization: Water being liberated (2260J/g used) 100 to 200: Temp. of gaseous water increasing

Earth’s Energy Supply Solar Energy Wave lengths: Visible and Ultraviolet Most Intense: Shortest wavelength (UV=sunburn) What Produces Solar Energy: Nuclear Fusion Secrets of the Sun

Earth’s Own Energy 1) Remains from when earth first formed 2) Materials that are under extreme pressure 3) Radioactive decay of elements Overwhelming