Nationalism a feeling of loyalty & pride for one’s own land and people a feeling of loyalty & pride for one’s own land and people especially strong during periods of extreme success or crisis especially strong during periods of extreme success or crisis can inspire ethnocentrism & independence movements can inspire ethnocentrism & independence movements can create international backlash as countries defend against it can create international backlash as countries defend against it

Nationalism: The Case for Germany ( ) Otto von Bismarck ( ) – German nationalist appointed prime minister of Prussia Otto von Bismarck ( ) – German nationalist appointed prime minister of Prussia Prussia – a low-industrialized confederation of German states with a powerful army Prussia – a low-industrialized confederation of German states with a powerful army Kaiser Wilhelm I – absolute monarch of Prussia Kaiser Wilhelm I – absolute monarch of Prussia

Germany: Path to Unification Bismarck wins border states from Denmark with help from Austria (1864) Bismarck wins border states from Denmark with help from Austria (1864) Seven Week’s War (1866) Seven Week’s War (1866) Bismarck provokes war with Austria over the border statesBismarck provokes war with Austria over the border states superior Prussian railroads, training, & equipment humiliate Austriasuperior Prussian railroads, training, & equipment humiliate Austria Prussia is more “German”Prussia is more “German” Austria-Hungary forms dual monarchyAustria-Hungary forms dual monarchy

Germany: Path to Unification Franco-Prussian War ( ) Franco-Prussian War ( ) southern German states resist Bismarck because of the Protestant/Catholic splitsouthern German states resist Bismarck because of the Protestant/Catholic split Bismarck provokes war to win support of the South through phony news reports of a Franco/German split over next Spanish kingBismarck provokes war to win support of the South through phony news reports of a Franco/German split over next Spanish king Bismarck takes Paris after 4-month siegeBismarck takes Paris after 4-month siege Bismarck seizes Alsace and Lorraine from France (rich in iron and coal)Bismarck seizes Alsace and Lorraine from France (rich in iron and coal) southern Germany, caught up in nationalism, accepts Prussian leadershipsouthern Germany, caught up in nationalism, accepts Prussian leadership

Germany: Path to Unification First Reich – Holy Roman Empire First Reich – Holy Roman Empire Second Reich ( ) Second Reich ( ) Kaiser Wilhelm is crowned emperor of GermanyKaiser Wilhelm is crowned emperor of Germany Bismarck is made Germany’s prime ministerBismarck is made Germany’s prime minister German industry flourishesGerman industry flourishes

Balance of Power involves alliances between countries to prevent one from becoming too strong involves alliances between countries to prevent one from becoming too strong raises the stakes if a crisis should occur raises the stakes if a crisis should occur temporary arrangements made for defensive purposes that could have long- term consequences temporary arrangements made for defensive purposes that could have long- term consequences

Balance of Power: The Age of Metternich Congress of Vienna ( ) Congress of Vienna ( ) Klemens von Metternich ( ) – prince & chief minister of AustriaKlemens von Metternich ( ) – prince & chief minister of Austria a meeting of the Four Powers to exile Napoleon and control Francea meeting of the Four Powers to exile Napoleon and control France first major use of balance of powerfirst major use of balance of power Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia

Militarism the glorification of armed strength the glorification of armed strength emphasizes might over diplomacy emphasizes might over diplomacy an expression of natural greatness an expression of natural greatness grew out of a need for defense grew out of a need for defense

Social Darwinism applied the ideas of Charles Darwin to politics applied the ideas of Charles Darwin to politics only strong countries will last (“survival of the fittest”) only strong countries will last (“survival of the fittest”) used to justify defending empires used to justify defending empires

Imperialism a national policy of conquering and ruling other lands a national policy of conquering and ruling other lands a source of national power and pride a source of national power and pride colonies supply mother country with resources colonies supply mother country with resources the race for available territory creates rivalry the race for available territory creates rivalry colonizers see it as their duty as superior human beings colonizers see it as their duty as superior human beings fulfills a need for adventure fulfills a need for adventure

WWI Breaks Out – Summer, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated by Serb Gavrilo Princip (June 28) Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated by Serb Gavrilo Princip (June 28) Serbia ignores Austrian ultimatum Serbia ignores Austrian ultimatum Austria declares war on Serbia (July 28) Austria declares war on Serbia (July 28) Russia mobilizes its troops (July 30) Russia mobilizes its troops (July 30) Germany declares war on Russia (August 1) Germany declares war on Russia (August 1) Germany declares war on France (August 3) Germany declares war on France (August 3) Germany attacks France through Belgium Germany attacks France through Belgium Great Britain declares war on Germany (August 4) Great Britain declares war on Germany (August 4) Russia and Austria-Hungary at war (August 6) Russia and Austria-Hungary at war (August 6) Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary (August 12) Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary (August 12)