International Conference in Commemoration of the 10th Anniversary if the Chi-Chi Earthquake September 21 – 26, 2009 National Central University, Taiwan Earthquake-Induced Landslides 1970 Yungay Peru, MW 7.9 1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska, MW 7.8 Lloyd S. Cluff Earthquake Risk Management Geosciences Department Pacific Gas and Electric San Francisco

Peru Earthquake 31 May 1970 MW 7.9

Nevado Huascran (elevation 6,400 m ) View Northeast from Huaraz

Yungay, Peru 1969, Before 1970 Earthquake, Pico Huascaran Elevation 6,768 m (22, 307 ft.) in Background L. Cluff Photo

Yungay After Debris Avalanche Devastation L. Cluff Photo 1970

Debris Avalanche Impact on Yungay Cemetery hill

North Peak of Huascran Telephoto View of Debris Avalanche Source

Massive Granite Blocks From Pico Huascaran In Yungay

Ranrahirca

Below Ranrahirca Near Rio Santa Valley L. Cluff Photo 1970

Rio Santa Valley Floodplain Before Earthquake

Rio Santa Valley Floodplain After Earthquake L. Cluff Photo 1970

Rio Santa Valley Floodplain Devastated ~160 Km to Pacific Ocean Near Chimbote L. Cluff Photo 1970

Diversion Dam Reported Destroyed (1970), However, Dam Was Undamaged L. Cluff 1983

Yungay 1983 Rebuilding L. Cluff Photo 1983

View from Cemetery Hill, Yungay as it appeared in 1988 Nevado Huascaran Plaza de Armas New construction L Cluff 1988

1988 - Telephoto View East from Cemetery Hill Plaza de Armas L Cluff 1988

Yungay 1983 Rebuilding L. Cluff 1983

Yungay 1983 Rebuilding L. Cluff 1983

Rio Santa Gorge View South Proposed concrete Dam 1983

Casma Before EQ Casma After EQ

Shaking Performance of Unreinforced Masonry - Huaraz L. Cluff Photo 1970

Huaraz School Survives Shaking Damage L. Cluff Photo 1970

Fairweather Fault Earthquake Mw 7.8 1958 Lituya Bay Fairweather Fault Earthquake Mw 7.8 1958 7.8 19649.3

Fairweather Fault, View North 1958 MW 7.8 L. Cluff Photo 1964

Looking North Along Strike of Fairweather Fault at Lituya Bay

1958 Wave Trimline 524 m (1,720 ft.) FIGURE 11. 1958 photo showing maximum tsunami wave surge height of 524 m (1,720 ft.) modified after Miller (1958)

1958 Tsunami Trimeline and Older Trimelines Moraine ~ 1,000 years K 1853 wave J 1874 wave H 1936 wave FIGURE 12. North shore of Lituya Bay showing multiple wave trimlines as evidence for past debris avalanche waves: H = 1936 trimline, J = 1874 trimeline, K = 1853 or 54 trimline, and M = Glacial Moraine trimline. Photo 1954, Miller (1958) Tree trimelines based on growth ring dating Average recurrence ~ 26 years (elapsed time since 1958 = 51 yrs)

X Fishing boat swept out to sea, Source r Max Run-up d 1958 Trimeline Inundation Fishing boats ride out wave F e FIGURE 13. Lituya Bay, 1958 Photo of avalanche tsunami wave effects. Key: r = Avalanche source area; rockslide dropped ~3,000 ft. (915 m); d = maximum wave height (1720 ft., 524 m) of tsunami surge onto spur of Gilbert Inlet; F = 3,600 ft., 1,097 m) wave inundation on north shore of bay; b = location of anchored fishing boat swept over land spit; a second fishing boat located near Bay entrance was sunk; e = a third anchored fishing boat that rode out tsunami wave. Modified after Miller (1958) and Miller (1960). X Fishing boat swept out to sea, two lives lost b Lituya Bay, Alaska 1958 Photo of avalanche surge wave effects. Key: r = Avalanche source area; rockslide dropped ~3,000 ft. (915 m); d = maximum wave height (1720 ft., 524 m) of tsunami surge onto spur of Gilbert Inlet; F = 3,600 ft., 1,097 m) wave inundation on north shore of bay; b = location of anchored fishing boat swept over land spit; a second fishing boat located near Bay entrance was sunk; e = a third anchored fishing boat that rode out tsunami wave. Modified after Miller (1958) and Miller (1960).

FIGURE 9.Map of Lituya Bay southeastern Alaska, Miller (1960)