Macromolecule Review
Functional Groups
Name the functional group: -OH hydroxyl -COOH carboxyl -NH 2 amino
Name the functional group: -C=O carbonyl -SH sulfhydryl -PO 4 phosphate
Identify the functional groups:
carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl
Identify the functional groups:
carbonyl
Identify the functional groups:
phosphate, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Review What is the name of the reaction when when 2 monosaccharides attach to form a disaccharide? dehydration synthesis or condensation What is the name of the bond formed? glycosidic bond/linkage
Carbohydrate Review Name 2 polysaccharides that are used as energy storage. starch and glycogen Name 2 polysaccharides that are used for structural support. cellulose and chitin
What is this?
monosaccharide
What is this?
polysaccharide (it continues…)
What is this?
disaccharide (sucrose)
What is this?
monosaccharide
Lipids
Lipids Review What is the most common type of lipid? triglycerides (fats) What are the other types of lipids? phospholipids, waxes, steroids
Lipids Review What are the chemical components of a triglyceride? glycerol + 3 fatty acids What is the name of the bond that links these components together? an ester linkage
Lipids Review What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid? saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms; have the maximum number of H atoms attached (are fully “saturated” with H atoms)
Lipids Review Which type of fat is usually solid at room temperature? saturated fats How do you make an unsaturated fat solid at room temperature? hydrogenation
What is this?
steroid/sterol (cholesterol)
What are these?
fatty acids (saturated & unsaturated)
What is this?
glycerol
What is this?
phospholipid
What is this?
triglyceride
Proteins What is the basic unit of a protein? amino acid What is the name of the bond formed between 2 amino acids in a protein? peptide bond
Proteins How many amino acids are there in total? How many are “essential”? 20 (8 are essential) What are some of the functions of proteins? structural support, messengers, transport of materials, enzymes, etc…
Proteins What is the “primary” structure of a protein? its sequence of amino acids At what level of protein organization are ß-pleated sheets and the alpha-helix? secondary structure
What is this?
a polypeptide
What is this?
an amino acid
Nucleic Acids Name the pyrimidine bases. Describe their structure. cytosine, thymine, uracil single ring structure Name the purine bases. Describe their structure adenine, guanine double ring
Nucleic Acids What type of bond links complementary bases? H bond What type of bond links consecutive nucleotides in a nucleic acid? phosphodiester bond
What are the differences?
RNA single-stranded, has uracil (not thymine), has ribose (not deoxyribose), involved in protein synthesis but only the hereditary material of some viruses DNA double-stranded, has thymine, has deoxyribose, hereditary material, involved in protein synthesis
What is this?
(deoxyribo)nucleotide
Testing for Macromolecules What tests/reagents are used to test for starch, lipids (2 tests), monosaccharides, and proteins? Lugols (iodine), translucence test, Sudan IV, Benedict’s reagent, Biuret reagent