Macromolecules Review

Carbohydrates Monomer- – Monosaccharide Polymer- – Polysaccharide Functions- – Energy Storage and Release – Cell Structure

Carbohydrate Structure Monosaccharides Polysaccharides (Disaccharides)

Nucleic Acids Monomer- – Nucleotide Polymer- – DNA and RNA Functions- – Carries the genetic code

DNA Structure Double Helix

Proteins Monomer- – amino acids Polymer- – Polypeptides Functions- – Enzymes-speed up chemical reactions – Structural – in muscles, etc

Enzyme Image Enzyme Substrate Enzyme-Substrate Complex EnzymeProducts Active Site

Proteins have 4 Levels of Structure 1.Primary Structure a.A chain of amino acids 1.Bonds between amino acids are called peptide bonds 2.This chain is called a polypeptide chain

4 Levels of Structure (cont.) 2.Secondary Structure 1.Alpha helix: Coil or corkscrew formation 2.Beta Pleated Sheet: Pleats or folds 3.Random Coils

4 Levels of Structure (cont.) 3.Tertiary Structure a.3-D folding of secondary structures b.R groups are interacting

4 Levels of Structure (cont.) 4.Quaternary Structure a.TWO or more proteins bonded together b.Example: Hemoglobin

Monomers Polymers a.Monomers are bonded together through the process of….. Dehydration Synthesis b.Polymers break up through process of… Hydrolysis DB C A

Lets review our cut outs… Label on your cutouts- Peptide Bond, Amino Acid, Polypeptide, Water, Dehydration Synthesis. What level of protein structure did you make?

Label the following as referring to a Protein (P), Nucleic Acid (N), Carb (C) 4.Starch 5.Amino Acid 6.DNA 7.Energy Storage 8.Enzyme 9.Glucose 10.Double Helix 11.Alpha Helix 12.Peptide bond 13.Monosac- charide 14.Has an “R” Group

Answers 1.NA 2.C 3.NA 4.C 5.P 6.NA 7.C 8.P 9.C 10.NA 11.P 12.P 13.C 14.P

Enzyme Lab Writing Two students carry out an investigation to determine the action of the enzyme pepsin on protein digestion in the human stomach. They know that gastric juice in the stomach contains water, pepsin, and hydrochloric acid. They decided to use small, equal-sized pieces of cooked egg white as the protein to be digested. They set up four test tubes and place equal, small amounts of egg white in each test tube. Then they fill each test tube with a different liquid to the height of 3 cm. To test tube one they add water, to test tube two they add dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl), to test tube three they add pepsin in water, in test tube four they add pepsin and dilute HCl. They place the four test tubes in an incubator set at 37 degrees Celsius. (Body temperature) After one day, they observe the results. They return the test tubes to the incubator and observe them again the next day. The table below shows the results.

Data TEST TUBEONE DAYTWO DAYS 1. egg + waterNo change 2. egg + HClNo change 3. egg + pepsin Liquid slightly cloudy, egg white solid Liquid cloudy, egg white still solid 4. egg + pepsin + HCl Liquid cloudy, pieces of egg are smaller Very cloudy liquid, almost no egg remains