Three Eras of Human History Era 1: Foraging250,000 – 8,000 BCEMost of human history; small communities; global migrations megafaunal extinctions slow population growth Era 2: Agrarian8,000 BCE – 1750 CEIntensification; rapid population growth; cities, states, empires; writing; different histories in different world zones Era 3: Modern1750 – PresentSingle, global system rapid growth in energy use; increasing rate of extinctions; increased life expectancies

Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light. - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist

“Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age  “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE  2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans  hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans NOMADIC (moving from place to place)  NOMADIC (moving from place to place) Made tools  Made tools

Humans during this period found shelter in caves.  Humans during this period found shelter in caves. Cave paintings left behind.  Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??Purpose??

“Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age  “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE  10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE Gradual shift from:  Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE  8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.  Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. SLASH-AND-BURN Farming  SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

The Neolithic Era & the Transition to Agriculture Origins & Early Spread of Agriculture

Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.  Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations. More permanent, settled communities emerged.  More permanent, settled communities emerged. 9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat  9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants  8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants Division of labor  Division of labor Engaged in trade  Engaged in trade  Organized religion Small military  Small military 12 cultivated crops  12 cultivated crops An obsidian dagger

Çatal Hüyük

AdvancedCities SpecializationOfLabor FormalizedReligion Record- Keeping & Writing SocialClasses Art & Architecture OrganizedGovernment

Early Foundational Civilizations