Sociology: Your Compass for a New World Robert J. Brym and John Lie Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning © 2003

Population, Urbanization, and Development Chapter 16

Malthus WMalthus Argued That While Food Supplies Increase Slowly, Populations Grow Quickly WBecause of These Presumed Natural Laws, Only Three Things Can Keep Human Population Growth in Check According to Malthus: W War W Pestilence W Famine

Critique of Malthus W Malthus’s Theory Has Been Questioned Because of WRapid Increases in Food Production WHigher-than-expected Limits to Population Size WGrowth of Large, Prosperous Populations WThe Ability to Provide Generous Social Welfare and Still Maintain Low Population Growth Rates WThe Widespread Use of Contraception

World Population, (in millions, projected) Millions Year Total: 2,516 Total: 5,759 Total: 8,472 Total: 10,185 Sources: Livi-Bacci (1992: 31); Merrick (1986: 12); United Nations (1993; 1998c). World Population billion billion billion billion billion billion billion billion billion billion Total: 760

Population Pyramids Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000c). United States, 2001 Mexico, 2001

Demographic Transition Theory Demographic Transition Theory W The Main Factors Underlying Population Dynamics In Demographic Transition Theory Are Industrialization and Values: WPreindustrial Era: Birth Rate and Death Rate Were High So Population Growth Was Slow WEarly Industrialization: Death Rate Fell, So Population Growth Was Rapid WLater Industrialization: Birth Rate Fell, Resulting in Slow Growth Again WPostindustrial Era: Death Rate Rises Above Birth Rate So Population Shrinks

Demographic Transition Theory Crude birth rate Crude death rate StagePreindustrial Early Industrial Mature Industrial Postindustrial Growth slow increase fast increase slow increase slow decline Time

Inequality and Population WPartially Independent of the Level of Industrialization, the Level of Social Inequality Between Women and Men, and Between Classes, Affects Population Dynamics  Lower Levels of Social Inequality Typically Result in Lower Crude Birth Rates and Therefore Lower Population Growth Rates

Urbanization WMuch Urbanization Is Associated With the Growth of Factories WHowever, Religious, Political, and Commercial Need Gave Rise to Cities in the preindustrial Era  Moreover, the Fastest Growing Cities in the World Today Are in Semi-industrialized Countries

The Chicago School WMembers of the Chicago School Described and Explained the Spatial and Social Dimensions of the Industrial City WThey Developed a Theory of Human Ecology That Explained Urban Growth As the Outcome of Differentiation, Competition, and Ecological Succession WThey Described the Spatial Arrangement of the Industrial City As a Series of Expanding Concentric Circles.

The Concentric Zone Model of Chicago, About 1920 Source: Burgess (1967 [1925]).

Critique of the Chicago School W Subsequent Research Showed That WThe City Was Not As Anomic As the Chicago Sociologists Made It Appear WThe Concentric Zone Pattern Applied Best to the Industrial City in the First Quarter of the 20th Century WPower Conflicts and the Profit Motive Underlie the Evolution of Cities

The Multiple-Nuclei Model of a City Source: Harris and Ullman (1945). Central business district

The Corporate and Postmodern Cities WThe Corporate City That Emerged After World War II Was a Vehicle for Capital Accumulation That Stimulated the Growth of the Suburbs and Resulted in the Decline of Inner Cities  The Postmodern City That Took Shape in the Last Decades of the Twentieth Century Is Characterized by the Increased Globalization of Culture, Fragmentation of Lifestyles, and Privatization of Space

Modernization and Dependency Theories WModernization Theory Argues That Global Inequality Is Due to Some Countries Lacking W Sufficient Capital W Western Values W Rational Business Practices W Stable Governments  Dependency Theory Counters That Global Inequality Results From the Exploitative Relationship Between Rich and Poor Countries

Emerging from Poverty WAn important test of the two theories concerns the effect of foreign investment on economic growth, but research on this subject is equivocal WThe poor countries able to emerge from poverty W have a colonial past that left them with industrial infrastructures W enjoy a favorable geopolitical position W apply strong growth-oriented economic policies  have socially cohesive populations