First GURME Air Quality Forecasting Workshop for Latin American project Santiago, Chile October 2003 Pedro Oyola, CONAMA

Good Good to Regular Regular Bad Critical Meteorological Conditions Air Pollution = Emission + Ventilation The ventilation indicators for Santiago are

Meteorological Conditions Ventilation Conditions during Critical Episods BadCritical

PM 10 REDUCTION WINTER PERIOD AT MACAM NETWORK 43% 35% 31%34% 44% 8% 36%

Number of Episodes Comparison between observed episodes 1997 vs AlertPre EmergencyEmergency

Less Exposure PM 10 Episodes at Pudahuel ICAP Index

Location of the stations Santiago campaign 2002

PM 2,5 Increase in PM during winter Most of the increase is due to PM 2,5 PM (10 – 2,5)

Comparison of  a between the monioring stations USACH and Parque have similar levels Conchalí, Renca and Maipú have lower levels

Area with high EC pollution is confined to downtown and the west of the city

Transport of pollution from Parque to Pudahuel ? Time Ratio (PM2,5/PM10 ) ENEROFEBREROMARZO ABRILMAYOJUNIO Pudahuel, ,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0, Time Ratio (PM2,5/PM10) ENEROFEBREROMARZO ABRILMAYOJUNIO

Conclusions An explanation for the increasing of particle matter in Pudahuel is due to airborne transport of PM2,5 from downtown The area with high levels of particle matter at night is located in a sector between Pudahuel, Usach and Parque, excluding Renca, Maipú o Conchalí. This is a consequence of poor ventilation and topographical conditions of the valley

Sunday JULY 14th, 2002 ICAP : Particle Air Quality Index at 10 hrs (GMT - 4) Histórico Diario MACAM Network 2

Parque O’Higgins 2001 and 2003 Pudahuel 2000, 2002 and 2003 AIM To characterize and compare the Secondary Inorganic Aerosol Fraction at two different stations in Santaago IN PM 2.5: -Nitrate -Nitrite -Sulphate -Chloruride -Ammonia -Potassium (2003) - Calcium (2003)

Diurnal Sampling 06:00 to 18:00 h Overnight Sampling 18:00 a 6:00 h Pudahuel (June 22 – July 31, 2002)

PM 2.5= 41.2 µg/m 3 PM 2.5= 76,3 µg/m 3 Pudahuel (June 22 – July 31, 2002) Diurnal Sampling 06:00 to 18:00 h Overnight Sampling 18:00 a 6:00 h

Parque O’Higgins PUDAHUEL PM10, PM2.5 and Potassium June 25 to July 20, 2003

Wet Deposition Rain regime show important variation at the Metropolitan Region (MR). Dew water i.s an important cleaning factor to remove pollutants from the MR atmosphere. The dew water is strong mineralize in comparison with rain water at the MR atmosphere

Composición Química de Rocíos. Santiago

Studies under development Dew chemical composition. Surface effects. Kinetically decomposition of peroxides. Depositions profiles and y re-evaporation. HONO re-evaporation efficiency. Relation between gas phase and dew water concentrations.

Dew Water Chemical Composition Neutral pH and clearly alkaline. Concentrations reach mM levels. nitrite >> nitrate

HONO Re-evaporation Between % of the nitrite is re-emited by the evaporation of the dew. A layer of 100 meters high will contribute by aprox. 2.4 ppb. An equivalent amount of HO* radicals are produce at early mornings hours. This re-evaporation has an important role in the photochemical process at the Metropolitan Area (early ozone formation)

PAN/OZONE There is a strong correlation between PAN and Ozone. Max value - 22 ppb at hours. Night < 1 ppb PAN is a critical issue

PAH Concentration in ng/m 3 (filter +PUF) in 1998, 2001 y 2002 (filter +PUF) in 1998, 2001 y 2002

% of the total PAHs v/s (BBF+BKF) y PHEN

A direct correlation between observed critical episodes and PAHs concentrations was observedA direct correlation between observed critical episodes and PAHs concentrations was observed Results

BAP average concentrations in [ng/m 3 ],Filters and PUFs (Jun-Oct, 2001) BAP average concentrations in [ng/m 3 ], Filters and PUFs (Jun-Oct, 2001) Corresponding to National festivities September 17, 18 y 19 Critical episode starting with alert going to pre-emergency

Acknowledgements