Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration Chapter 17 Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nomadic Economy and Society Turkish peoples were nomadic herders; organized into clans with related languages Central Asia's steppes: good for grazing, little rain, few rivers Nomads and their animals; few settlements Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles Lived mostly on animal products and in shelters (yurts) Also produced limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather goods, iron ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nomads in Turkmenistan ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nomadic Economy and Society Nomads and settled peoples sought trade, were prominent on caravan routes Governance basically clan-based Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority Unusually fluid status for nobility Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetence Advancement for meritorious non-nobles ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nomadic Economy and Society Women wielded considerable influence Advisors Occasionally regents or rulers Pagan worship Appeal of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings Conversion to Islam in tenth century due to Abbasid influence ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Military Organization Large confederations under a khan (“ruler”) Authority extended through tribal elders Exceptionally strong cavalries Mobility Speed ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Turkish Empires and Their Neighbors, ca. 1210 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid Empire Eighth to tenth centuries, Turkish peoples on border of Abbasid empire Eventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphs 1055, Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as sultan Tughril consolidated his hold on Baghdad, to Syria, Palestine, and other parts of the realm Abbasid caliphs served as figureheads of authority ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine Empire 1071, Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army in a large-scale invasion of Anatolia Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople in 1453 Transformed Anatolia into an Islamic society ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empire Father prominent warrior Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206, proclaimed Chinggis Khan (“universal ruler”) Broke up tribal organization Formed military units from men of different tribes Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Mongol Arms Mongol population only one million (less than 1% of Chinese population) Army numbered 100,000-125,000 Mongol strategy: horsemanship, archers, mobility, psychological warfare Rewarded enemies who surrendered, cruel to enemies who fought ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Mongol Conquests Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia Emissaries murdered; following year, Chinggis Khan destroys ruler Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions Large-scale, long-term devastation South China was still ruled by the Song dynasty ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Mongol Empires, ca. 1300 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294) Division of the Mongol empires: heirs divide into four regional empires Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant Hosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Khubilai extended Mongol rule to all of China Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Golden Horde Group of Mongols overran Russia between 1237 and 1241 Further overran Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany, 1241-1242 Main objective of the Golden Horde (Russia) was to extract as much tax as possible ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Ilkhanate of Persia Abbasid empire toppled; Baghdad sacked, 1258 200,000 massacred Persians served as ministers, governors, and local officials Mongols only cared about taxes and order Ilkhan Ghazan converted to Islam, 1295; massacres of Christians and Jews followed Mongols eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Mongol Rule in China Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese Intermarriage forbidden Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language Imported administrators from other areas (especially Arabs, Persians) Dismissed Confucian scholars; dismantled civil service examination Yet tolerated religious freedoms ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Mongols and Western Integration Mongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure safety of merchants Elaborate courier network with relay stations Maintained good order for traveling merchants, ambassadors, and missionaries Mongols needed skilled artisans and educated individuals from other places Often resettled them in different locations to provide services Uighur Turks served as clerks, secretaries, and administrators Arab and Persian Muslims also served Mongols far from their homelands ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia In Persia, excessive spending and overexploitation led to reduced revenues Failure of the ilkhan's paper money Factional struggle plagued the Mongol leadership The last ruler died without an heir; the ilkhanate collapsed ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rises Bubonic plague in southwest China in 1330s, spread through Asia and Europe Depopulation and labor shortage undermined the Mongol regime By 1368, the Chinese drove the Mongols back to the steppes ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Ottoman Empire Large numbers of nomadic Turks migrated to Persia and Anatolia Osman I, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatolia Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 1299 Attacks Byzantine empire Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Ottoman Conquests Ottoman conquests in the Balkans in 1350s Constantinople sacked in 1453, renamed it Istanbul Absorbed the remainder of the Byzantine empire During the sixteenth century, extended to southwest Asia, southeast Europe, and north Africa ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.