From the Ashes of the Mongols The Rise of the Ottomans

Osman Bey ( ) Leader of nomadic horse soldiers Employed by Seljuks to help fight the Mongols Took over weak Seljuk world in wake of the Mongols invasion

A Rival in the Path of Osman Forbidden to make war on Muslims, the only choice was to go toward Byzantium… Ottoman (Osman) Empire founded Black Sea Med Sea

The Encircling of Constantinople Janissaries – Muslims had tribal loyalties, not Christian slaves Taking the Balkans: - (1389) Battle of Kosovo beat Serbia - (1400) beat Bulgars Moving toward Bosporus and Dardanelles…

Mehmet II Finishes the Job 80,000 Janissaries lay siege to 7,000 defenders at Constantinople –26’ Ottoman cannons launched 1,200 lbs. balls Built Topkapi Palace from which to rule in Constantinople

Completion of the Ottoman Map Sultan Selim I – campaign from takes Egypt, Arabia, Mesopotamia and pushes to Gibralter –Takes title of Caliph as well

The Ottoman World Stalls 1520, Sultan Suleyman wants Europe… Defeated Hungary, (who controlled exit from the Balkans) at the battle of Mohacs,1526 At Vienna – stopped by Pole, Jan Sobieski,

The Ottoman Empire

Politics of the Empire Huge empire too hard to control from Istanbul, local Pashas helped the Sultan

The world of the Sultan Sultanate hereditary, though not primogeniture –Successions violent, losers killed Insulated at Topkapi, the Harem and Queen mother have strong influence

Religion in the Empire Ottomans are Sunni & Sultan is the Caliph (theocracy) The Ulema – Muslim clerics who advised the Sultan. –Set education laws Christians paid tax

Ottoman Society 1. The Ruling Class 2. Merchants- no taxes or regulations 3. Artisans – had guilds for quality 4. Peasants – Sultan gave out land 5. Pastoral People

Women in Society More Free than other world societies –Could inherit & own property. Could divorce.

Ottoman Art From Mehmet on, known for silks, pottery, rugs, jewelry and armor. New mosques based on Byzantine Church of Hagia Sofia. Sinan most famous architect.

Problems in the Empire From the time of Suleyman, who executed 2 most able sons, weakest then ruled –Selim II –Court members became more powerful. Corruption grows…

The Ottomans slip in Power Battle of Lepanto – 1571, Ottoman fleet sunk by Spain –Beginning of transfer of power to Atlantic Europe failed effort to take Vienna again –Beginning of leaving Europe

The Finale Broken up after World War I into many Euro-controlled states Purple – UK Orange- FR Pink – IT Blue – SP Tan -free

Losing their Ottoman-ness As Europe grows in power, Ottomans try to act European… Sultan clamped down on Euro- pretenders to strengthen rule –Beginning of Cultural Imperial Anger by Muslims