 Beginning of a stream; high elevation.

 Land from which water runs off into a stream.

 Feeder stream that flows into a main stream.

 Elevated region that separates 2 watersheds.

Coastal Plain

 Area that may be covered with water during a flood.

 Wide curve in a stream channel.

 The area of active erosion on the OUTSIDE of a meander.

 A crescent-shaped accumulation of sand and gravel deposited on the INSIDE of a meander.

 Water remaining in an isolated meander in a floodplain.  oxbow lake formation oxbow lake formation

 Fan-shaped deposit of sediments at the mouth of a stream formed when rivers erode and transport sediments. When the river slows down, it deposits sediments.

EROSION of Streams

 Stream erodes away at the rock and soil at its headwaters in the opposite direction that it flows Niagara Falls

 Deepening the channel of a stream by removing material from the stream's bed.

 Formed when the moving water in a river erodes the outer banks and widens its valley.

 Particles in a flowing fluid (usually a river) that are transported along the bed

 Fine particles that are light enough to be carried in a stream without touching the stream bed.

 Material, (especially ions from chemical weathering), that are carried in solution by a stream.

 Steepness of slope.  Change in elevation over a distance.  Elevation Drop Horizontal Distance ◦ Feet/Mile  Example: ◦ 50ft. Drop / 5 miles = 10ft./mile Gradient

Gradient

YOUNG MATURE Wide Channels Wide Channels Large floodplains Large floodplains Lateral erosion Lateral erosion Gentle slopes Gentle slopes Meanders, oxbows Meanders, oxbows Fine sediment Fine sediment Life Cycle of a River Overview Narrow channels Narrow channels Small floodplains Small floodplains Downcutting Downcutting Steep slopes Steep slopes Rapids, waterfalls Rapids, waterfalls Coarse sediment Coarse sediment

 V – shaped valleys  Erodes away at bed (more than sides)  Waterfalls and Rapids are common.  Few Tributaries

 Well established tributaries  Drains effectively  Carries LARGE amounts of water  Does not get deeper, (Erodes from Sides)

 Stream overflows channel  Causes ◦ Weather events ◦ Dams break  (+) Provides “fertilizer” for floodplain  (-) Most destructive of all geologic hazards

 Disturbing vegetation that uses water and returns it to the atmosphere before flooding occurs. ◦ Building ◦ Grazing animals ◦ Farming practices like clear-cutting land ◦ Cutting down forests

Cincinnati, OH

Look over attached handout:  Dams  Artificial Levees  Channels

Great Lakes drainage basin Most polluted areas, according to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board “Hot spots” of toxic concentrations in water and sediments Eutrophic areas CANADA WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ILLINOIS INDIANA OHIO PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK MICHIGAN Nipigon Bay Thunder Bay Silver Bay St. Louis R. Jackfish Bay St. Mary’s R. Spanish R. Penetary Bay Sturgeon Bay Saginaw Bay Saginaw R. System St. Clair R. Detroit R. Rouge R. Raisin R. Maumee R. Black R. Rocky R. Cuyahoga R. Ashtabula R. Thames R. Grand R. Niagara Falls Niagara R. Buffalo R. St. Lawrence R. Fig. 19.7, p. 484

 akesFlow.htm akesFlow.htm

Trace the path(s) that 99% of water travels through the Great Lakes watershed.