Chapter 19: ________ ASSOCIATED with the IMMUNE SYSTEM FAILURES of the IMMUNE SYSTEM: –INFECTION –AUTOIMMUNITY – ex. _____, multiple sclerosis –IMMUNOSUPPRESSION – __________ IMMUNE REACTIONS -______SENSITIVITY//ALLERGIC REACTIONS Response to antigens (allergens) to an extreme degree leading to damage Requires sensitizing dose(s) -TRANSPLANT REJECTION

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type I - Anaphylactic Reactions –Involves _____ antibodies Type II – __________ Reactions –Involves ____ or IgM Abs and complement Type III – Immune-__________ Reactions –Involves IgG Abs and antigen complexes that lodge in basement membranes of ____________ Type IV – Cell-Mediated Reactions –Involves delayed ______________

Involve ____ antibodies binding to mast cells or basophils with release of reactive substances __________ ________: Ingested(food) or inhaled(pollen) antigens-common allergic reactions such as hay fever, asthma Systemic: Shock, breathing difficulties from injected antigens (insect _______) TYPE I - ___________ REACTIONS Figure 19.1a

Involve IgG or IgM antibodies and complement Complement activation causes cell _____ or damage by macrophages –Ex. BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS _______________ DISEASE of NEWBORN TYPE II - _________ REACTIONS

IgG antibodies and antigens form complexes that lodge in basement membranes of blood vessels. TYPE III - IMMUNE _________ REACTIONS Figure 19.6

Ags attract __ cells which destroy target cells __________- attract macrophages and initiate tissue damage Ex. Transplant rejection Contact dermatitis TYPE IV – CELL MEDIATED or DELAYED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Figure 19.8

Transplants may be attacked by __ cells, __________, and complement-fixing antibodies. Transplants to _________ sites do not cause an immune response. Stem cells may allow therapeutic _______ to avoid rejection. REACTIONS to TRANSPLANTS

____GRAFT: Use of one's own tissue ISOGRAFT: Use of identical _____ tissue _____GRAFT: Use of tissue from another person _______TRANSPLANTATION: Use of _____human tissue GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE: Can result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells TYPES of GRAFTS

1. CYCLOSPORINE – suppresses IL-2 2. MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL –inhibits T cell and B cell reproduction 3. SIROLIMUS –blocks IL-2 _______________________- prevents immune response to transplanted tissues IMMUNE ___________ _________________: Due to defective or missing genes _________________: Develop during an individual's life, due to drugs, cancers, infections Artificial: Immunosuppressive drugs Natural: HIV infections

Cancer cells possess tumor-specific ________ T C cells recognize and lyse cancer cells Cancer cells may lack tumor antigens or kill T C cells THE IMMUNE SYSTEM and ______ Figure 19.11

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) Figure 19.12a

________ INFECTION Figure Retrovirus penetrates host cell. Virion penetrates cell and its DNA is uncoated The new viral DNA is tranported into the host cell’s nucleus and integrated as a provirus. The provirus may divide indefinitely with the host cell DNA RNA Transcription of the provirus may also occur, producing RNA for new retrovirus genomes and RNA that codes for the retrovirus capsid and envelope proteins. 4 Mature retrovirus leaves host cell, acquiring an envelope as it buds out. 5 Capsid Reverse transcriptase Virus Two identical + stands of RNA DNA of one of the host cell’s chromosomes Provirus Host cell Reverse transcriptase Viral RNA RNA Viral proteins Identical strands of RNA

_____ INFECTION Figure 19.13

Category A___________ or persistent lymphadenopathy Category BPersistent Candida albicans infections Category CClinical AIDS. ___, Herpes sp, tuberculosis, Pneumocystis sp. cryptosporidiosis, Kaposi's _____________ STAGES of HIV INFECTION

COMMON DISEASES ASSOCIATED with AIDS Table 19.5

____conversion - takes up to 3 months _____ – for HIV antibody detection _______ blotting – for detection of HIV antigens PCR or nucleic acid hybridization- to determine ___ load in plasma DIAGNOSTIC METHODS for HIV

Male to male ____sexual conduct _______sexual transmission IV drug use Infected body fluids transmit HIV via: –Sexual contact –_________ milk –Transplacental infection of ______ –Blood-contaminated needle –Organ _____________ –Artificial insemination –Blood transfusion GLOBAL TRANSMISSION of HIV

TREATMENT of HIV ___________ Chemotherapy Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) –Ex.:Combinations of __________ transcriptase inhibitors + proteases

______________________ Use of ______ and sterile needles Health-case workers use universal precautions –Wear gloves, gowns, masks, goggles –Do not recap needles PREVENTION of AIDS