BRIEFING 3: LITERATURE REVIEW Munira Bt Mohamed Nazari/ Khairul Farihan Kasim School of Bioprocess Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis ERT 445 – FINAL YEAR PROJECT

Recap  Introduction (background of study) It tells briefly about the introduction of the study with current issues related to study.  Problem statement Address the problem to be resolved.  Overall goal and Objectives Stating the purpose of the project carried out. It lists the goals for study to be conducted. Must write in form of point ( 1.,2.,3.). 3 objectives

DATE OF SUBMISSION Introduction 30 Sept 2015 Before 5.00pm at main office 2 copies

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF SELECTED / RELATED LITERATURE (AND RESEARCH)

PURPOSE To provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the literature related to the problem under investigation The review of related literature should greatly expand upon the introduction and background information presented in Chapter 1.

May contains theories and models a historical overview current trends significant research data published CONTENTCONTENT

GENERAL TIPS Give structure to the LR –Introduction –A body (main idea or argument) –Conclusion –Section headers can be useful to highlight the main points for the reader

Section headers can be useful to highlight the main points for the reader. However, the different sections should still flow together –history of the principal/problem, –importance of the principal, –current selection practices, Methodology Process Procedure –recommended selection practices.

As LR may be lengthy, it is essential to divide the chapter into as many sections and subsections as needed to logically organize the information presented. (Note: Each section and subsection heading must be properly listed in the Table of Contents)

Explain the relevance of material you use and cite –Do not simply restate what others have said –Explain what are the information or quoted material means in relation to your LR Is there a relevant connection between a specific quote or information and the corresponding argument or point you are making about the literature. What is it? Why is it necessary to include this piece of information or quote?

Use verb tenses strategically –Present tense is used for relating what other authors say and for discussing the literature, theoretical concepts, methods, ect. ‘In her article on biodiversity, Jones (2012) stipulates that …’ in addition, use the present tense when you present your observations on the literature. ‘However, on the important question of extinction, Jones remains silent’ –Past tense is used for recounting events, results found, etc ‘Jones & Green (2013) conducted experiments over a ten-year period. They determined that it was not possible to recreate the specimen’

CITATIONS As LR presents information and conclusions drawn by other researchers, citations should be used extensively throughout the chapter. Although you are presenting information from other researchers and writers, avoid overuse of direct quotations. Including many direct quotations produces a literature review that usually lacks transitions and flow, and is difficult to read.

LR is NOT the place for the researcher to interject any personal ideas or theories. Direct quotations, indirect quotations or paraphrasing, as well as any information attributable to other researchers and individuals - require citations.

SUMMARY Generally, LR ends with a short summary of the information presented in the chapter. Several paragraphs that highlight the most pertinent information from the review of literature are usually sufficient.

References Style 1. Book : Author Name(s), Author Sir Name(s), (Year). Title, Edition number, Publisher, Location: Example: Holmlund, C. (1969). Fried, Avionic Navigation Systems, 1 st edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. USA 2. Conference Proceedings : Author(s), (Year). Article title, Name of conference, Location of conference, Pages. Example: Dore S.D., and Kershenbaum, L.S. (1994). Application of geometric nonlinear control in the process industries – a case study, Proc. IFAC Symposium, ADCHEM ‘94, Kyoto, Japan, pp Journal Paper : Author(s), (Year). Article title, Name of journal, Volume number, Pages. Example : Finkelstein M, (2006). Microfluids: Cliks and Chips, Journal of Nature, Vol 422, pp Electronic sources:  Web pages- Author(s) or Company, (Year), Title, URL, date found. Example : Vice President, University of Calgary Research Policies and Procedures Handbook. Accessed on 23 February  Graphics from Encarta (or similar) needs to be referenced. Note: Read the FYP referencing guide. 15

DATE OF SUBMISSION Literature review and references 13 Oct 2015 Before 5.00pm at main office 2 copies

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