Quarter 4 HSA Review Session Evolution, Classification, Ecosystems and Interactions, Energy Flow, and Succession

evolution

Comparative Embryology Comparative Biochemistry Evolution The change of populations of organisms over time. Type of Evidence Definition Paleontology Comparative Embryology Comparative Anatomy Comparative Biochemistry The study of fossils (the preserved or mineralized remains ) Comparing the early stages of development between different species Comparing body parts of different organisms. Organisms with a common ancestor have body parts that are similar in structure, but not necessarily function (homologous structures) Organisms with a common ancestor have body parts with similar structure anatomical structures that are similar in structure, but not necessarily similar in function Comparing organisms by examining their DNA or amino acid sequences; gel electrophoresis can be used to compare similarities

Natural Selection Evolution is driven by natural selection. Natural selection: “Survival of the fittest”-The best adapted organisms will survive and reproduce, and pass these favorable traits on to the next generation. .

classification

Classification of Organisms Classification: Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities Kingdom Cell Type (Prokaryote or Eukaryote) # of Cells (Unicellular and/or multicellular) Nutrition (Autotroph and/or Heterotroph) Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Autotroph and Heterotroph Prokaryote Unicellular Autotroph and Heterotroph Prokaryote Unicellular Autotroph and Heterotroph Unicellular and Multicellular Eukaryote Unicellular and Multicellular Heterotroph Eukaryote Autotroph Eukaryote Multicelluar Heterotroph Eukaryote Multicellular

Evolution and classification questions

Question 1 Rabbits that live in warm climates have larger ears than rabbits that live in cold climates. Larger ears allow rabbits to cool themselves by releasing body heat. Which term describes this characteristic? alteration mutation adaptation recombination

Question 2 The mole rat is an animal that avoids predators by living underground. Its long claws and teeth allow it to dig deep holes. Scientists believe the ancestors of the mole rat lived above ground and had shorter claws and teeth. Which of these processes resulted in the long claws and teeth found in the modern mole rat? natural selection selective breeding genetic engineering asexual reproduction

Question 3 A researcher is studying raccoons and skunks. She wants to find out how closely these two mammals are related. Which of these characteristics would be best for her to study? sequences of DNA reproductive habits movement of RNA physical appearance

Question 4 A cell is observed through a microscope. The cell is found to have a cell wall, a cell membrane, and numerous ribosomes. The cell does not have a nucleus. This cell is most likely from a bacterium fungus plant protist

Question 5

Ecosystems

What is Ecology? What is an environment? It's everything that makes up our surroundings and affects our ability to live on the earth Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.

Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors in an Environment Abiotic Factors – Nonliving parts of an environment Examples: temperature, sunlight, precipitation (water), soil, etc. Biotic Factors- Living parts of an environment Organisms (plants, animals, etc.)

Species interactions

Species Interactions Interaction Definition Predation Competition Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism One organism captures and eats another organism Struggle for limited resources (food, water, shelter, etc.) One organism (parasite) benefits and the other (host) is harmed; Parasite feeds on the host One benefits and the other is unaffected (neither benefited or harmed) Both organisms benefit

Ecosystems and species interactions questions

Question 6 A summer camp was built near a lake in the mountains. The campers used the lake for swimming, fishing, and boating. The relationships between three organisms found in the lake are shown below. Striped fish are affected by biotic and abiotic factors in their environment. Which of these factors is biotic? water temperature mineral nutrients freshwater algae inorganic sediments

Question 7 Use the relationships in the food web below to answer the following question. The relationship between the mice and the insects is an example of commensalism mutualism parasite–host predator–prey

Question 8 Scientists have recently discovered hydrothermal vent communities on the ocean floor. A diagram of a hydrothermal vent community is shown in the figure below. The organisms in this community live near heated vents. Inorganic compounds such as sulfides mix with extremely hot water when they are released from the vents. Bacteria use the sulfides to make food for themselves and other animals. Many of these bacteria live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant white clams that live in this community. Which of these is an abiotic factor that influences this ecosystem? food C. water temperature bacteria D. giant tubeworms

Question 9 A protozoan lives inside a rat and takes its nourishment from the rat’s body. Because the protozoan damages the rat’s brain, the rat loses its fear of cats. A cat attacks an infected rat; the protozoan enters the cat’s body and completes its life cycle. Which of these describes the relationship between the protozoan and the rat? commensalism parasite–host mutualism predator–prey

Energy flow

Producers vs. Consumers PRODUCERS: organisms that can make their own food (plants, algae, etc.) CONSUMERS: organisms that can not make their own food Obtain their energy by eating other organisms

Types of Consumers Eats only plants Eats only animals Type of Consumers Definition Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Scavenger Decomposer Eats only plants Eats only animals Scavengers- vultures Eats both plants and animals Feeds on the bodies of dead organisms Breaks down and absorb dead organisms & waste, returning some of the material to the environment

Food Chain Energy flows through an ecosystem by moving from producers to various levels of consumers. A food chain is single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms that results in energy transfer

Food Web The feeding relationships in an ecosystem are usually too complicated to be represented by a single food chain. Many consumers eat more than one type of food, more than one species may feed on the same type of food, etc. Food web: The interconnected food chains of an ecosystem

Trophic Levels Trophic Level: An organism’s position or level in a food chain or food web 1st trophic level: Producers 2nd trophic level: herbivores 3rd trophic level and above: Carnivores or Omnivores 4 3 2 3rd level and above can also be omnivores 1

Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level Only 10% of the energy found in one trophic level gets transferred on to the next level. 90% of energy is lost in each tropic level: Mainly as heat Other life processes (growth, movement, etc.) Quality of Energy Transfer- The other 90% is used for the organism's life processes or it is lost as heat to the environment. Most lost as heat, and other life processes The consumer must use some energy to capture and use its food, to move about, and stay alive.

succession

What is succession? A series of changes that occur in a community over time There are 2 types of succession: 1. Primary succession: Development of a community in an area that has not supported life previously (ex: new island) 2. Secondary succession: Change in an existing community following a disturbance (forest fire, flood, hurricane, etc.) Changed “observable change in an ecosystem to community”. The gradual sequential regrowth of species in an area

Energy flow and succession questions

Question 10 Gray wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in 1995. Two years later, the population of coyotes had decreased by 50%. Coyotes were found in all habitats of the park before the gray wolves were reintroduced. Now, coyotes are most often found in the hills and mountains. Which of these describes the role of the vole in the Yellowstone ecosystem? decomposer producer herbivore carnivore

Question 11 Scientists classify humans as omnivores, based on their teeth. As omnivores, humans eat only fungi mostly plants and animals only animals mostly bacteria and fungi

Question 12

Question 13 A team of marine scientists is studying biotic and abiotic factors that affect the stability of a deep-sea ecosystem. The scientists discovered a species of fish that eats other fish and decaying matter. Which of these does not describe the newly discovered fish? consumer predator scavenger producer

Question 14 Hydrothermal vent communities are often destroyed by lava erupting from the ocean floor. After the lava has cooled, different organisms begin to inhabit the area. Over a period of a few years, organisms inhabit the area in the following order: sulfur bacteria -> crabs -> giant tubeworms -> clams and mussels Which of these best identifies this sequence of events? evolution mutation succession translation