War of 1812

Causes Free seas and trade Stopping American ships Stopping American ships Impressment Impressment Frontier pressures Desire for land Desire for land British Canada Spanish Florida Conflicts with Indians Conflicts with Indians Tecumseh and Prophet Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison War Hawks Henry Clay, Kentucky Henry Clay, Kentucky John C. Calhoun, South Carolina John C. Calhoun, South Carolina Argued that war w/Britain only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, & destroy Indian resistance Declaration of war Passed after Britain agreed to suspend its naval blockade Passed after Britain agreed to suspend its naval blockade

A Nation Divided Pro-war Pro-war –Southern & western states incl. PA & VT –Republicans Anti-war Anti-war –NY, NJ, & New England states –Federalists –New England merchants –“Mr. Madison’s War”

War of 1812 Invasion of Canada Invasion of Canada 3-part invasion 3-part invasion Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain Americans burned York (Toronto) Americans burned York (Toronto) Easily repulsed by superior British forces Easily repulsed by superior British forces Naval Battles Naval Battles USS Constitution “Old Ironsides” USS Constitution “Old Ironsides” Sank British ship Sank British ship American privateers American privateers Success offset by British naval blockade Success offset by British naval blockade Lake Erie, 1813 Lake Erie, 1813 Most important naval battle of the war Most important naval battle of the war Captain Oliver Hazard Perry Captain Oliver Hazard Perry “We have met the enemy and he is ours” “We have met the enemy and he is ours” Prepared the way for William Henry Harrison’s victory at Battle of Thames R. Prepared the way for William Henry Harrison’s victory at Battle of Thames R. Tecumseh was killed Tecumseh was killed

Chesapeake Campaign, 1814 British defeated Napoleon increased troops in U.S. British burn White House, Capitol, & other buildings Attempt to take Baltimore Francis Scott Key-”Star Spangled Banner”

Southern campaign –Gen. Andrew Jackson –Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814 Creek Indians defeated –British ally –Opened new lands to white settlers –Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, British killed, 1400 wounded 8 US killed, 13 wounded Fought 2 weeks after the war had ended

Treaty of Ghent  Both sides tired of the war  Britain had fought Napoleon over a decade  America recognized it could not win  Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814  Terms  A halt to fighting  Return of all conquered territory  Recognition of prewar boundary of US & Canada  Britain made no concessions about impressment, blockades, or other prewar grievances  War ended in stalemate

Hartford Convention, December 1814 New England states opposed to war & Republican government New England states opposed to war & Republican government –Radical Federalists wanted Constitution amended & secession as last resort –Secession was rejected –Proposals were adopted to limit power of Republicans –Jackson’s victory & Treaty of Ghent made Federalists appear unpatriotic –Federalists weakened

Legacies of War of 1812 US gained respect of other nations US accepts Canada as part of British Empire Federalist party no longer a national force New England sets precedent of talk of secession & nullification Indians loss of British allies forces them to surrender lands

American industry grew due to British blockade War Heroes Future political leaders Future political leaders Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison American nationalism Belief that the future of the US lay in the West away from Europe Belief that the future of the US lay in the West away from Europe