European History: An Introduction

Consider: What makes something modern? What era in history has most shaped the modern world? Read textbook page three (paragraphs 2-3: “However we define…”). What is the central thesis of this excerpt? Do you agree?

The Roman Empire

Italy in 750 BCE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

Political Systems Republic, 509 B.C.E. until 28 B.C.E. First and Second Triumvirates, approx. 61 – 28 B.C.E. Empire, c. 28 B.C.E.

Economy Largest population = farmers. Cities - centers of trade The Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea – major trade routes Established common currency System dependent on slave labor

Religion in Rome Polytheistic throughout Republic and most of Empire Christianity developed and spread Christians persecuted in the third century Emperor Constantine, Theodosius I Caesaropapism vs. Dualism

What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Caesaropapism vs. dualism

Social Order Patricians, plebeians, and slaves Gender roles Pax Romana, 27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E.

Arts, Science, and Intellectual Traits Infrastructure Entertainment of the masses Art and literature Architecture Science/philosophy – expansion of Greeks

Imperial Roman Road System

The Legacy of Rome  Republic Government  Roman Law  Latin Language  Roman Catholic Church  City Planning  Romanesque Architectural Style  Roman Engineering Aqueducts Aqueducts Sewage systems Sewage systems Dams Dams Cement Cement Arch Arch

The Middle Ages

Fall of the Roman Empire = Middle Ages Internal causes External causes Empire broken into three: Byzantine Empire, Arab world, and the Latin West

PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages:

Palmer, pg. 24

The Medieval Catholic Church  filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.  monasticism:  St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule  provided schools for the upper class.  libraries & scriptoria  monks  missionaries to the barbarians

Papal Authority in Rome Matthew xvi, And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.” Donation of Constantine

A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

Illuminated Manuscripts

Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

Charlemagne Interaction of church and Frankish kings Charlemagne – First of Carolingian Dynasty Expanded empire in Western Europe Capital: Aachen (near Rhine River)

Charlemagne’s Empire

Charlemagne Revived education Copying of literature “Carolingian minuscule” Established new currency

Great Schism of East and West, 1054 Greek vs. Latin Christians Roman Catholicism vs. Greek Orthodox

High Middle Ages

Advancements in Agriculture Three-field system Animal power New technologies Serfdom replacing slavery

Feudalism

Beginnings of social contract? Kings, lords, vassals, serfs owe to each other Consequences for breach of agreement Influence on constitutional governments

Towns Long distance trading Money systems developed Trade centers established “law merchants” and emancipation City-states

Medieval Guilds Guild Hall   Commercial Monopoly:  C ontrolled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman  Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].  Controlled prices

Evolution of government Increased monarchical power Juries Growing bureaucracy Taxation Development of parliaments

Magna Carta, 1215  King John I  “Great Charter”  monarchs were not above the law.  kings had to consult a council of advisors.  kings could not tax arbitrarily.

Church Influence Influence of religion Gregory VII (AKA Hildebrand) Lay investiture Universities crusades

Medieval Universities

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and West

What characteristics of Europe allowed advancements in military, politics, religion, and economics to occur?

Modernized and fully developed? NO Taking shape and developing into Modern Western Civilization? YES Europe in the Late Middle Ages:

Problems of the Late Middle Ages Black Death, 1347 Great Schism of the West Hundred Years’ War

Black Death 1348 – landed in Italy Spread north throughout Europe Carried by rats half of Europe’s population killed

Black Death – Other Effects Family life affected Economic changes Rebellions and revolts Labor conditions

Great Schism of the West Two popes elected Two (and at one point three) popes reigning concurrently Damage to church prestige

Hundred Years’ War England v. France Fought in France 1337 – 1453 Effects on France Effects on England

Consider: How might these tragedies have had an effect on each other? Black Death (1348 – 1350) Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) Great Schism (1378 – 1417)