Vitamins and Minerals Lecture 5

Mineral Supplements Macrominerals Found in [] greater that 100 ppm in animal body Ca, P, Mg K and S Microminerals Found in [] less than 100 ppm in animal body Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Se, Zn, and Co

Salt Most commonly fed mineral supplement Salt based supplements Blocks Loose form Additional substances often included in Salt supplements Macro and Micro minerals Medications Therapeutic agents (Foot rot treatment, Anti bloat agents, and wormers. Mineral premixes Boluses Liquid supplements

Salt cont’d Factors influencing salt requirements Feeding levels Mineral content of water Amount of active and sweating Milk being produced Temperature and Humidity Feeding levels Ruminants = 0.5 – 1.0 % of ration Swine & Poultry = 0.25 – 0.5% of ration Amounts in Supplements 1 to 3 %

Calcium Supplements Calcium only Calcium and Phosphorus Limestone Oyster shells Calcium Carbonate Calcium and Phosphorus Dicalcium Phosphate Bone Meal Dolomite limestone also supplies Mg

Phosphorus and Mineral Supplements Sodium Phosphate Monoammonium phosphate Phosphoric acid Forms of minerals commonly used Carbonates Oxides Sulfates

Selenium Most highly regulated Most toxic (approx. 10 times requirement level) 0.1 –0.3 ppm in complete ration Salt mixtures 90 ppm for sheep 120 ppm for cattle Feed ingredients from areas high in selenium North and South Dakota

Chelated Minerals Defined: Medicine. To remove (a heavy metal, such as lead or mercury) from the bloodstream by means of a chelate, such as EDTA. A chemical compound in the form of a heterocyclic ring, containing a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions. Proteinates (complexes with AA or peptides) Polysaccharide complexes Mineral atom bound to an organic substance Reduces the amount of the mineral binding to an insoluble complexes. Hence, more available.

Mineral Utilization and Content High Ca reduces P utilization 20-33% of Ca in Alfalfa forms oxalates and in unavailable to ruminants. Ward et.al. Cu is more available from silage sources than hay. Cu a problem in some AZ areas. Highly fertilized forages causes the N to reduce Mg utilization and increased Ca needs in Sheep Highly fertilized (Manure) forage increase K levels in Forages

Take Home Message Minerals are very expensive to supplement. Mineral supplements do not necessarily contain the needed supplements Mineral sources must be provided in the form available to the animal.