The Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453

1337-1453 Edwardian War 1337-1453 Caroline War 1369-1389 Lancaster War 1415-1429 Results: national identity Strengthening of French monarchy Weakening of English monarchy Wars of the Roses

Origins of Anglo-French Conflict 911 – Rollo the Viking invaded France and was appeased by French king Charles the Simple Given the duchy of Normandy – making the Dukes of Normandy titular vassals of the French monarchy

William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy Anxious to increase his holdings, William of Normandy invaded England in 1066 and defeated king Harold of Wessex at the Battle of Hastings. The new king of England William I – the Conqueror – was also the vassal of the king of France because of his holdings in Normandy

Henry II of England Because of marriage alliances – Henry II of England – great-grandson of William I – held most of France: Normandy Maine Anjou Gascony Aquitaine

By 1324, weaknesses in the English monarchy allowed the French monarchs to reduce English holdings in France to only Gascony Internal French weaknesses made the French vulnerable to a desire by the English to reclaim their lands.

Philip III of France d. 1285 Children: Philip IV of France Charles, Ct. of Valois

Philip IV of France “The Fair” d. 1314 Children: Louis X d.1316 John I 1316 Philip V d. 1322 Charles IV d. 1328 Isabella m. Edward II of England

After the death of Philip V – the last son of Philip IV – the French throne was to have passed to Edward III of England – the son of Philip IV’s daughter Isabella

Instead, the French nobility named a grandson of Philip III king – Philip VI of the House of Valois

1324 Charles IV defeated the English in Gascony and embarrassed the English monarchy. 1328 Charles IV died and SALIC LAW made the French throne skip the children of Isabella and go to her cousin Philip VI. 1337 – French ships ravaged the English coastline – Philip VI claimed Gascony claiming that Edward III did not fulfill his feudal obligations.

Growing capitalism and the importance of the English wool trade – and English involvement in the Low Countries and Burgundy – moved Philip to use Genoese ships to destroy English shipping. 17 million French 4 million English 1340 – Battle of Sluys – French fleet defeated by the English – allowing the English to move against France

1346 – Battle of Crecy – English victory using the long bow 1347 – port city of Calais taken – allowing the English a permanent port for troops and trade

After time off for the Black Death – the war resumed John II of France – captured 1356 near Poitiers – taken as a prisoner to the Tower of London 1356 – Second Treaty of London – Aquitaine restored to England and John’s son Louis exchanged for him

1358 – Jacquerie – peasant uprising in France against the war and the roaming soldiers who destroyed the countryside when not in service. 1360 – Treaty of Bretigny – Edward III was to renounce his claim to the French throne in exchange for part of Brittany, Aquitaine, Calais, Ponthieu and the allegiance of half of the French king’s vassals. 1362 – John II’s son escaped from London and was replaced by his father who soon died.

Charles V of France 1364-1380 Charles began to reclaim French lands from Edward – as Edward never renounced his right to the French throne. English losses and in 1377 the death of Edward III and Edward, the Black Prince – Prince of Wales

Edward, Prince of Wales- the Black Prince

Peace of Bretigny 1360

After Edward III Edward III died in 1377 His heir was the infant son of his eldest son – Edward, the Black Prince. Richard II

Richard II faced problems from his manipulative uncles – especially John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster. He also faced a peasant uprising from Wat Tyler

Richard II was a weak king and was usurped by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke – son of John of Gaunt. The weaknesses in the English monarchy inspired the French to attack – violating the Peace of Bretigny.

Henry IV was succeeded in 1413 by his son – Henry V who battled the French. He allied England with Burgundy Agincourt 1415 1420 Treaty of Troyes – named Henry heir to Charles VI Married Katherine of Valois – daughter of Charles VI

1422 – Henry V and Charles VI died within months of each other. In Paris, the infant Henry VI was proclaimed King of France BUT – his uncle – the dauphin – proclaimed himself Charles VII

The Dauphin (Charles VII) was inspired to renew the fight for his throne against the English and Burgundians by a peasant girl – Joan of Arc. Battle of Orleans Inquisition – burned 1431

1453

Black Death Slows Down the War

Some physicians dressed like this in order to avoid contracting the plague.