COUNTER- REFORMATION VOCABULARY World History 11/19

Jesuit ■A member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation.

Sacrament ■a religious ceremony or act of the Christian Church that is regarded as an outward and visible sign of inward and spiritual divine grace, in particular. –(in the Roman Catholic and many Orthodox Churches) the rites of baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist, penance, anointing of the sick, ordination, and matrimony. –(among Protestants) baptism and the Eucharist.

Sect ■A group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong.

Henry VIII ■King of England from He established the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy (1534) after divorce from Catherine of Aragon, the first of his six wives, compelled him to break from the Catholic Church.

Mary Tudor ■Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to She restored Roman Catholicism to England and had many Protestants burned at the stake as heretics.

Canonize ■(in the Roman Catholic Church) officially declare (a dead person) to be a saint.

Compromise ■An agreement or a settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions.

Council of Trent ■The council of the Roman Catholic Church that met between 1545 and 1563 at Trent in S Tyrol. Reacting against the Protestants, it reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs and formulated the ideals of the Counter-Reformation. –Objects were: ■To stop the ideas and practice of Protestantism and to support the Catholic Church's ideas. ■To change the parts of the church and actions of church leaders that damaged or hurt the Catholic Church's ideas and image. –The results were: ■The church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who did not agree with the interpretation was a heretic. Also, the Bible and Church Tradition had equal authority. ■The relationship of faith and works in salvation was defined, following disagreements over Martin Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith alone". ■Catholic practices such as Indulgences, pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed.

Ghetto ■A part of a city, especially a slum area, occupied by a minority group or groups. ■Jews were segregated to ghetto –Ghettos- were walled sections of the city and their gates closed at a certain time each evening.