How can 50 grams of ATP supply enough energy to our body to fuel us for the day? You would have to eat your body weight if you needed to completely regenerate the ATP for your body BUT

Enzymes

Chemical Reactions are represented by chemical equations. During chemical reactions, valence electrons of atoms or compounds are rearranged to form a new substance with new properties. The molecules or atoms at the beginning of a chemical reaction are called the reactants. The materials produced by the chemical reaction are called products. 2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O Reactants Product Some chemical reactions build compounds, others break down compounds or rearrange them. All chemical reactions represent conversions of matter

Laws of Conservation of Matter & Energy Matter and Energy cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions, But Matter & Energy can be converted from one form to another during chemical reactions. HOWEVER, during every matter or energy conversion, some energy is transformed into heat/thermal energy.

The laws of conservation of matter & energy are obeyed by Biosphere (the combination of all Earth’s ecosystems). Energy flows through the biosphere, entering it as light energy & leaving as heat energy. Matter cycles within the biosphere so that all atoms on earth have been recycled over and over for 4.5 billion years! Why does all energy leave the biosphere as heat? - - During every conversion of matter or energy, some of the energy is converted to heat energy. --Organisms can not use heat as a source of energy to do cell work; they use ATP!

What is photosynthesis? The process used by photo (light)autotrophs (self-feeders) to convert light energy into chemical potential energy through the formation of glucose sugar. Balanced chemical equation 6CO H 2 O + light energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Metabolism All of the energy and matter conversions that occur within an organism, including every chemical reaction.

Introduction to energy— Miller & Levine Section 8.1 & page 253 Learning goals: SWBAT Understand 4 The relationship between photosynthesis and cell respiration. Lev 2 label a diagram showing the interdependence Lev 2 write the balanced chemical equations & identify reactants & products Lev 2 Describe ATP and ADP and their roles in metabolism Lev 3 Explain why cells need ATP for metabolism Level 2: Define Carbohydrate Chloroplast Mitochondria Photosynthesis Cell respiration ATP ADP Metabolism

Introduction to energy— Miller & Levine Section 8.1 & page 253 Learning goals: SWBAT Understand 5. The laws of conservation of matter and energy as they relate to cell metabolism. Level 2: Define Energy calorie Metabolism Law of conservation of matter Law of conservation of energy Reactants & Products of a chemical equation

10/22/15 QOD: How is ADP interrelated to ATP? LGs: 1.) Describe the job of an enzyme. 2.) Describe how enzymes do their job. 3.) Describe what can affect how enzymes do their job. HW: RAD Guide

Introduction to Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.  Catalysts - speed up chemical reactions.  Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions in living things.

Chemical Reactions In order for chemical reactions to take place, enzymes must be present to help speed up the reaction. Chemical bonds connect atoms to make molecules. Chemical reactions can do two things:  They can join atoms to make molecules.  They can break bonds in molecules. The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place within a cell is referred to as the cell’s metabolism.

Energy-Absorbing vs. Energy-Releasing Reactions Energy-Absorbing Reaction Endothermic Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

How Enzymes Work Lower activation energy  Energy that is needed to start a chemical reaction  Puts substrates in a good position to make/break bonds with each other

Reaction with enzyme vs. Reaction without enzyme

Enzymes lower activation energy

The molecules or atoms at the beginning of a chemical reactions are called ______. A. Enzymes B. Reactants C. Products D. Active sites

Chemical reactions in which the products have more energy than the reactants are called _________ reactions. A. Energy-Releasing B. Energy-Absorbing

Which graph illustrates an energy-releasing reaction? A. Graph A B. Graph B

Structure and Function of Enzymes A substrate is the molecule that the enzyme changes.  It is the reactant in a chemical reaction  Each enzyme has an active site which is the place where the enzyme and substrate attach.

Structure and Function of Enzymes During a chemical reaction, the enzyme helps the reactant turn into product, however, the enzyme is not changed. Enzymes can be used over and over again. Reactant/Substrate   Product Enzyme  No change in the shape of enzyme/ready to catalyze next reaction.  Active Site

Enzyme Specificity The diagram below shows the lock and key model of how enzymes work on a specific substrate. Just like every lock has one type of key that opens it, every substrate has one type of enzyme that works on it.

Enzyme Naming Therefore you need thousands of different enzymes for the thousands of different chemical reactions in your body. The names of many enzymes (Amylase, Lipase, Pepsin, Trypsin) usually end in ase or in.

Enzyme Naming Enzymes are very specific. This means that their names can be connected to their substrate.  For example:  1. Maltase only breaks down maltose (a carbohydrate).  2. Lipase only works on certain lipids.  3. Protease only works on certain proteins. Again, the root of the enzyme name (malt, lip, prot) refers to the substrate. The ending of the name is always “ase” or “in.”

Enzymes are specific types of which biological macromolecule? A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins C. Lipids D. Nucleic acids

The molecule on which an enzyme acts: A. Catalyst B. Substrate C. Metabolism D. Homeostasis

Which shape is the enzyme? 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D AAA B C DD

Which shape is the product of the chemical reaction shown below? 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D AAA B C DD

The energy that is required to start a chemical reaction is called A. Endothermic energy B. Exothermic energy C. Enzyme energy D. Activation energy

How do catalysts speed up or facilitate chemical reactions? A. Lower the activation energy B. Add energy to the reaction C. Break hydrogen bonds in the chemicals D. Decrease the number of reactants

Enzymes and Their Environment Most cells function best within a narrow range of temperature and pH. At very low temperatures, enzymes work too slow.

Enzymes and Their Environment At high temperatures or extremes of pH the enzymes lose their shape.  What would happen if a key lost its shape? It wouldn’t turn or fit in the hole.  What will happen if an enzyme lost its shape? It wouldn’t recognize or bind with it’s substrate.

Enzymes and Their Environment When an enzyme loses its shape and can no longer work correctly, it has been denatured.

Enzymes stop functioning if: A. They act on a substrate B. They become denatured due to improper pH or temperature C. They catalyze too many reactions D. They bind with the wrong substrate

When proteins, such as enzymes, lose their specific shape they have become __________. A. Passive B. Endothermic C. Exothermic D. Denatured

What is the optimum pH for the enzyme pepsin? A. 1 B. 2.5 C. 5 D. 6.5 pepsin trypsin

Introduction to Macromolecules

Building Macromolecules Polymer – large biomolecules made by linking together a large number of the same type of subunit Monomer- small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer (building blocks) Chemical reactions link monomers together to build polymers or break down polymers into monomers  Enzymes help speed up these reactions!!

Organic Macromolecules (Polymers) MONOMERPOLYMER Amino AcidProtein Sugar (monosaccharide) Carbohydrate (polysaccharide) NucleotideNucleic Acid

Polymers are large biomolecules made of repeated subunits called A. Enzymes B. Sugars C. Monomers D. Proteins

Proteins are polymers made of monomers called A. Monosaccharides B. Fatty acids C. Amino acids D. nucleotides

Chemical Energy in the form a cell can use: ATP ATP

Energy needs of life All organisms need energy.  What do we need energy for?  synthesis (building for growth)  reproduction  active transport  movement  temperature control (making heat)

Where do we get energy? Energy is stored in organic molecules  carbohydrates, fats, proteins Animals eat these organic molecules  food  digest food to get  fuels for energy (ATP)  raw materials for building more molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids ATP

ATP What is energy in biology? Whoa! HOT stuff! Adenosine TriPhosphate

Harvesting energy stored in food Cellular respiration  breaking down food to produce ATP  in mitochondria  using oxygen “aerobic” respiration  usually digesting glucose  but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 ATP6CO 2 6H 2 O  + ++ glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon + water dioxide O2O2 food ATP

Can’t store ATP  too unstable  only used in cell that produces it  only short term energy storage Using ATP to do work? A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second ATP ADP work Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen! Adenosine DiPhosphate Adenosine TriPhosphate