Solutions and Mixtures Chapter 6 Notes Solutions and Mixtures

Types of Mixtures 1. Suspension- a mixture that looks uniform when stirred or shaken that separates into different layers when it is no longer agitated. Ex: oil and vinegar dressing 2. Colloid- a mixture of very tiny particles of pure substances that are dispersed in another substance but do not settle out. Ex. milk and Blood

continued Emulsion- any mixture of immiscible liquids in which the liquids are spread throughout one another. to get immiscible solutions to mix together, we add another solution called an Emulsifier. ** Mayonnaise is created by oil and vinegar being mixed with an emulsifier to pull them together.

Mixing Solutions A Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly spread out in a compound ** To make a salt-water solution you dissolve salt in water usually made of a compound dissolved in water. dissolving means breaking down in a Solvent. Other examples Coffee, tea, and milk(all the mixture tastes the same throughout)

Parts of a Solution 1. The Solvent is a substance that is dissolving the solute Ex: water is the solvent ** Water is known as the universal solvent, it dissolves so many things, but not oil. 2. The Solute is the substance that is being dissolved.

Concentration 3. Concentration- the amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solution. ** Usually tells us how many grams of solute/ml of water or even moles/liter. ** can also be expressed as a percent composition. ** We can modify the concentration of a solution by adding more of the solvent or adding solute. - This process is called dilution.

Types of Solutions Unsaturated Solution- a solution that is able to dissolve more solute. Saturated Solution- a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at the given conditions.

Breaching the Saturation Point Supersaturated Solution- a solution holding more dissolved solute than it normally can by increasing its kinetic energy These are unstable because the solute’s solubility is exceeded for a short time The solute will precipitate out once the solution cools down.

Solubility - Solubility is a physical property that tells us how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent We can change this quantity by changing the conditions from chapter 5 Ex.- SALT IN H2O ** Changing solubility creates a solution that will is very unique.

Polarity ** Atoms that are covalently bonded may have slight positive and negative charges because they may not share the electrons equally. It creates a Pole. (NORTH and SOUTH) Water(H2O) is a polar compound. “Like dissolves like” so water will dissolve polar compounds.

Non-Polar - Non- Polar Compounds share electrons equally so NO poles. water can’t dissolve non-polar compounds like fat, oil, grease and cholesterol- this is why we need soaps to remove grease and dirt. Polar dissolves polar - non-polar dissolves non-polar.

Acids Acid- a substance that donates hydrogen ions, H+ ** form hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water Ex- lemon, orange, vinegar and Dill pickles They are corrosive Things that are bonded to hydrogen can form H30+ in water Ex. HCl- releases the H+ ion when mixed with H2O. The A H2O molecule picks up the H+ ion, it becomes H3O+and an acid. Other that can H2SO4, HF, HC2H3O2.

Bases - Base- a substance that either contains hydroxide ions, OH-, or reacts with water to form hydroxide ions. Corrosive like Acids They are considered H ion receptors NaOH releases the OH- and Na+ when mixed with water. NH3+ will take a Hydrogen ion from H2O to form the OH-

Indicators are compounds that change color in the presence of acids, depending on the concentration of H30+ ions Ex-Litmus Paper Bases turn red litmus paper blue Acids turn blue litmus paper red

pH - pH Levels- tell us the hydrogen ion concentration. Lots of H+ equals low pH. Small amounts of H+ means high pH. 0 to 6 Acids 8 to 14 Bases 0 is most acidic 6 least acidic 14 most basic, 8 least 7 is neutral each unit of pH represents a factor of 10 in H3O+ concentration.

What happens when you spill an acid? You must find a way to cancel out the ions that are corrosive and potentially harmful. A Neutralization Reaction is a reaction in which H3O+ from an acid and OH- from a base react to produce water molecules.