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Chapter 13, Section 1: The Rise of African Civilizations March 1, 2012

Objectives Today we will be learning how trade and geography influenced the developments in Africa.

Africa’s Geography *The Sahara is in N Africa and is the world’s largest desert. *A has 4 Climate Zones: Mediterranean, Desert, Savanna, & Rain Forest *The Equator slices through the middle of A. A = Africa

Africa’s Geography

* Great Rift Valley - earliest human fossils found *The desert in SW Africa is the Kalahari. *Almost all of A rests on a plateau. Rivers spill off into waterfalls & cutoff inland water routes.

West African Empires *Berbers are the first known ppl to settle in North A. They crossed the Sahara w/tales of gold! The Berbers traded across the Sahara starting about 400 BC. *Camels, “ships of the desert,” were used to travel through the desert, b/c of wide feet & ability to travel w/o water for days.

West African Empires *Trade items ▫*North A  *Salt & Cloth ▫*Western A  *Gold & Ivory *Ghana, NW A, rose to power in AD 400s. Traders had to cross through Ghana to meet.

West African Empires Ghana *1 st empire (400s) *“Crossroads of Trade” – trade routes came together *Grew wealthy from taxes ▫*Iron weapons  Conquered neighbors using these  Controlled the ppl who had the gold mines  *Built a huge army  *People wanted to trade salt & gold

Africa’s Geography

West African Empires *Ghana’s decline ▫*Discovery of gold outside of Ghana’s reach reduced taxes ▫*Fighting Muslims *Griots - storytellers *Sundiata Keita – ruled: ▫*“Lion Prince” ▫*Seized Ghana in 1240 *Gold – put Mali in control of trade

Africa’s Geography

West African Empires Songhai ▫*Mali’s decline  *Death of Mansa Musa  *Berber’s attacked ▫*Sunni Ali -1468, used his location near the Niger to take over Berber salt mines ▫*War canoes seize river ▫*Created the largest empire in W. A ▫*Songhai declines  *Moroccan soldiers were better equipped.

Africa’s Geography

West African Empires Salt = Gold ▫*Salt needed for  *health – sweat a lot in Africa  *Preserving food  *Flavor food

Kingdoms of the Rain Forest *Benin arose in Niger delta. *King Ewuare – founded the empire of Benin *Kongo founded in Congo River Basin. *Farmers had farmable soil & a warm, wet climate. *They produced a surplus, extra, of foods like bananas, yams, or rice.

Africa’s Geography

East Africa *Queen of Sheba – Queen Makeda *King Solomon – ruler of the Israelites *Abbyssinia - aka Ethiopia *Axum – great location – Red Sea *King Ezana – defeated Kush

East Africa *Dhows –sailboats *Trading post – Muslim traders settled in East African city-states Mogadishu, Zimbabwe, Kilwa, Mombasa – major links in Indian Ocean trade network

East Africa *Zimbabwe – supplied gold, copper, and ivory to the west coast. *Great Zimbabwe – empire’s capital

Africa’s Geography

East Africa

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