Chapter 12 Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World Lack of police enforcement outside of established settlements Changed in classical period  Improvement of infrastructure  Development of empires ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

Trade Networks Develop Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization Maintenance of roads, bridges Discovery of monsoon wind patterns Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Trade in the Hellenistic World India  Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls Persia, Egypt  Grain Mediterranean  Wine, oil, jewelry, art Development of professional merchant class 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Silk Roads Named for principal commodity from China Dependent on imperial stability Overland trade routes linked China to Roman Empire Sea lanes joined Asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean basin into one network 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Silk Roads, 200 B.C.E.-300 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

Trade goods Silk and spices traveled west Central Asia produced large horses and jade, sold in China Roman empire provided glassware, jewelry, artworks, perfumes, textiles ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

Organization of Long-Distance Trade Divided into small segments  Trade done in stages Sea trade  Malay and Indian mariners  Persian, Egyptian, Greek ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes India through central Asia to east Asia Cosmopolitan centers promote development of monasteries to shelter traveling merchants Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads, 200 B.C.E C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

The Spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, 200 B.C.E.-400 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Buddhism in China Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations Gradual spread to larger population, beginning fifth century C.E. 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Buddhism and Hinduism in SE Asia Sea lanes in Indian Ocean  Rulers called “rajas”  Buddhism, Hinduism increasingly popular faiths ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

Christianity in Mediterranean Basin Christianity spreads through middle east, north Africa, Europe Sizeable communities as far east as India Judaism, Zoroastrianism also practiced ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

The Spread of Epidemic Disease  Common epidemics in Rome and China: smallpox, measles, bubonic plague Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens Roman Empire: population dropped by a quarter from the first to tenth century C.E. China: population dropped by a quarter from the first to seventh century C.E. Effect: economic slowdown, move to regional self-sufficiency 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Internal Decay of the Han State Problems of factions and land distribution led to rebellions  Large landholders develop private armies Epidemics Peasant rebellions  184 C.E., Yellow Turban uprising 16 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Popularity of Buddhism and Daoism Disintegration of political order casts doubt on Confucian doctrines Buddhism, Daoism gain popularity Religions of salvation ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors The “barracks emperors” C.E., twenty-six claimants to the throne, all but one killed in power struggles Epidemics Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of local and regional self-sufficient economies ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

Diocletian (r C.E.) Divided empire into two administrative districts Co-emperors, dual lieutenants  “Tetrarchs” Currency, budget reform Relative stability disappears after Diocletian's death, civil war follows The emperor Constantine and new capital Constantinople 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity  Formerly buffer states for Roman empire Attacked by Huns under Attila in fifth century C.E. Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman empire Sacked Rome in 410 C.E., established Germanic emperor in 476 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

Cultural Change in the Roman Empire Growth of Christianity  Constantine’s vision, 312 C.E.  Promulgates Edict of Milan, allows Christian practice  Converts to Christianity 380 C.E., Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity official religion of Roman empire ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22

The Institutional Church Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early Church  Divinity of Jesus  Role of women Church hierarchy established  Patriarchs, bishop of Rome 23 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.