SB3a. Students will be able to explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration

LEQ1 : How is energy cycled through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?

Why do organisms need energy? All organisms require energy to do work growth and development The original source of all energy on earth is the SUN

How is energy stored? In living things energy is stored in a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) WHAT IS RIBOSE???

Would you want a tattoo of ATP on your arm??? Just a thought… Would you want a tattoo of ATP on your arm???

Nitrogen compound (adenine) What is ATP? Energy storing molecule in organisms Made of: 5 carbon sugar (ribose) Nitrogen compound (adenine) 3 Phosphates

How is energy stored in and released from ATP? Energy is stored in chemical bonds between phosphates Energy is released when the bond is broken and one phosphate is released Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is produced when the phosphate is released

Cycling of ATP and ADP ATP ADP Energy Stored Energy released

phosphate removed

Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP. RECALL: MACROMOLECULES Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP. Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. not stored in large amounts up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule

RECALL: MACROMOLECULES Fats store the most energy. 80 percent of the energy in your body about 146 ATP from a triglyceride Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. amino acids not usually needed for energy about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

RECALL: CHEMOSYNTHESIS Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules. similar to photosynthesis uses chemical energy instead of light energy

What are the three main uses for ATP? Transports needed substances across the cell membrane Active Transport Activating metabolic reactions All chemical reactions in the body Mechanical work Moving muscles

Summarizer Explain to your neighbor how energy is converted between ATP and ADP. HINT: Make sure to use the word phosphate in your explanation. STAY ON TASK… ONLY TALK ABOUT THIS SUMMARIZER!!!

Photosynthetic organisms are producers. Producers make their own source of chemical energy. Plants use photosynthesis and are producers. Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts. Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy. chloroplast leaf cell leaf In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

Each part of the chloroplast is responsible for a specific reaction. Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. grana (thylakoids) stroma chloroplast stroma grana (thylakoids) Each part of the chloroplast is responsible for a specific reaction.

The 1st Reaction Light Dependent Reaction take place in grana (thylakoids) water and sunlight are needed chlorophyll absorbs energy energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions (ATP is used to drive the 2nd reaction.) oxygen is released

The 2nd Step Light Independent Reaction take place in stroma needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions (ATP) This is also referred to as the CALVIN CYCLE!!!

The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 granum (stack of thylakoids) thylakoid sunlight 1 six-carbon sugar 6H2O 6CO2 6O2 chloroplast 1 2 4 3 energy stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

Reactants of Photosynthesis Radiant energy Sunlight is absorbed by the chloroplasts in the leaves of the plant Carbon dioxide Absorbed by the leaves of the plant Water Absorbed from the soil by the roots of the plant

Products of Photosynthesis Sugar (C6H12O6 = glucose) Produced in the leaves of the plant and is transported to the rest of the plant for chemical energy What is the suffix for identifying a sugar? Oxygen Is released from the leaves of the plant into the atmosphere

Summarizer Write out the equation of photosynthesis. Switch papers with your neighbor and add any additional information.

Why is the release of oxygen by plants an important function? How does it affect us?

How do animals get their energy? Animals extract energy from the food they consume through the process of cellular respiration

What is Cellular Respiration? Process in which organisms release stored energy from food. Formula: 6O2 + C6H12O6 energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O

Two types of Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration Requires Oxygen Anaerobic Respiration Does NOT require Oxygen

Aerobic Respiration Occurs in the presence of oxygen Involves 3 steps: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain Complete breakdown of sugar Produces: ATP + carbon dioxide More efficient because it produces a greater quantity of ATP

1st step of AEROBIC respiration Glycolysis anaerobic process (does not require oxygen) takes place in cytoplasm splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules produces two ATP molecules -products are transferred to the mitochondria for the 2nd step (the Kreb’s Cycle)

energy from glycolysis 2nd step of AEROBIC respiration The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain. takes place in mitochondrial matrix breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis 6H O 2 6CO 6O mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 4 3 and Krebs Cycle makes a small amount of ATP releases carbon dioxide transfers energy-carrying molecules

energy from glycolysis 3rd step of AEROBIC respiration The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP. takes place in inner membrane energy transferred to electron transport chain oxygen enters process 34 ATP produced 6H O 2 6CO 6O mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 4 3 and Electron Transport water released as a waste product

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration They are opposite processes Reactants for one process are the products for the other Two processes together maintain the balance of life on earth

The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

Anaerobic Respiration Occurs in the absences of oxygen Body is deprived of enough oxygen to maintain aerobic reactions Involves 2 steps: Glycolysis, and Fermentation Incomplete breakdown of sugar Produces: ATP + carbon dioxide + alcohol/lactic acid Not as efficient as aerobic respiration (produces less ATP)

Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.

Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. Fermentation does not produce ATP.

NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid NADH is changed back into NAD+

Fermentation and its products are important in several ways. Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide NADH is changed back into NAD+ NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

Alcoholic Fermentation is used in food production by yeast and microorganisms to produce: yogurt cheese bread Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in animals. It is caused by the buildup of lactic acids in muscle cells. -soreness -burning

Summarizer What is the total amount of ATP produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

Summarizer How can you tell if your body is going through aerobic or anaerobic respiration when you are working out?

Summarizer: Complete the chart below on the steps of aerobic respiration. Use the terms Glycolysis ETC Glucose Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Water Krebs Cycle 2 ATP 34 ATP

Complete the chart of anaerobic respiration below: Summarizer Complete the chart of anaerobic respiration below: Use the Terms: Glucose 2ATP Fermentation Lactic acid Alcoholic Glycolysis Yeast Microorganisms Animals

Use the chart to answer the Essential Question: Summarizer Use the chart to answer the Essential Question: How is energy cycled through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?

Comparison Chart: Photosynthesis vs. Respiration Summarizer Comparison Chart: Photosynthesis vs. Respiration Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Function Location Reactants Products Chemical Equation