Notes Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice: negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group Discrimination: treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong LO 11.8 Prejudice and Discrimination AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment

Prejudice and Discrimination Forms of prejudice include ageism, sexism, racism, ethnocentrism, and prejudice against those who are too fat or too thin LO 11.8 Prejudice and Discrimination AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment

Attitudes: Making Social Judgments Relationship between attitudes and behavior Richard LaPiere journeyed across the country with an Asian couple and found that people who voice prejudicial attitudes may not behave in discriminatory ways

Prejudice and Discrimination In-groups: social groups with whom a person identifies; “us” Out-groups: social groups with whom a person does not identify; “them” Scapegoating: tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out- group members who have little social power or influence LO 11.8 Prejudice and Discrimination AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment

Overcoming Prejudice “Jigsaw classroom”: educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, forcing individuals to work together to find the solution LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It

Notes How People Learn Prejudice Social cognitive theory: views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences Realistic conflict theory: conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment

How People Learn Prejudice Social identity theory: the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison –social identity: the part of the self-concept including one’s view of self as a member of a particular social category –social comparison: the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one’s self-esteem LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment/The Impact of Social and Cultural Categories

How People Learn Prejudice Stereotype vulnerability: the effect that people’s awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior Self-fulfilling prophecy: the tendency of one’s expectations to affect one’s behavior in such a way as to make the expectation more likely to occur LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment/The Impact of Behavior on Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Overcoming Prejudice Equal status contact: contact between groups in which the groups have equal status, with neither group having power over the other LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It

Attraction Interpersonal attraction: liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person –physical attractiveness –proximity: physical or geographical nearness –people like people who are similar to themselves OR who are different from themselves (complementary) –reciprocity of liking: tendency of people to like other people who like them in return LO Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of LoveAP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction

Love Love: a strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, admiration, or common interests Sternberg’s three components of love: 1.intimacy 2.passion 3.commitment LO Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of LoveAP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction

Love Romantic love: consists of intimacy and passion Companionate love: consists of intimacy and commitment Consummate love: ideal love, in which all three components are present LO Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of Love AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction

Figure 11.5 Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love This diagram represents the seven different kinds of love that can result from combining the three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Notice that some of these types of love sound less desirable or positive than others. What is the one key element missing from the less positive types of love? Source: Adapted from Sternberg (1986).

Notes Aggression Frustration–aggression hypothesis: aggression is a reaction to frustration Konrad Lorenz saw aggression as an instinct for fighting to promote the survival of our species Biological influences on aggression may include genetics, the amygdala and limbic system, and testosterone and serotonin levels LO Biology and Learning Influences on AggressionAP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/How Heredity, Environment, and Evolution Shape Behavior

Aggression Violence in the media –Albert Bandura: Bobo Doll Social role: the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position –Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment LO Biology and Learning Influences on AggressionAP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/Identify Important Figures

The Power of the Situation: Stanford Prison Experiment Philip Zimbardo 1971 wanted to see how the power of the situation would shape the behavior of normal, average subjects

Stanford Prison Experiment Participants behavior was influenced by social roles Social Roles shared expectations about how people in certain positions should behave Like Milgram, Zimbardo concluded that situational pressures can lead normal, decent people to behave in sinister, repugnant ways.