John Ermer AP World History Miami Beach Senior High School

 The transfer of people, animals, plants and disease across the Atlantic Ocean  Livestock to New World (sheep, cows, horses, pigs)  Staple crops to Old World (potato, maize, cassava)  Native populations drop precipitously w/ disease

 Iberian kingdoms copy societies of home:  Vertically hierarchical, Catholic, divided by estates, arranged into patriarchal extended-family networks  Indigenous cultures survive, influence  African culture is brought with slaves  Spain creates Council of the Indies, 1524  Most power belonged to two viceroyalties  Catholic Church evangelizes, educates, advocates  Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas

 Gold and Silver stimulate Spanish economy  Encomienda of natives as miners  Portuguese create sugar plantations  African sugar model brings African slaves to Brazil  Complexities of trade networks, and archaic trade laws further the emergence of a global economy

 Creoles: European whites born in America  As small number of whites, mix with indigenous majority, then Africans, new races/ethnicities emerge  Mestizos: mixed white and native  Mulattos: mixed white and black  Castas

 English & French colonization takes place later  Europe wealthier, not religiously united  Colonization by companies, not military  Jamestown, tobacco, men brought to work  Indentured servants  House of Burgesses  Slave labor  Division of the Carolinas, North from VA, South from Caribbean (Barbados)  New England settled by religious Puritan pilgrims  Skills based economy, settled by families  Mid-Atlantic colonies become commercial hub  New Netherlands’s (NY) treaty with Iroquois Confederacy  Penn’s open market, Philly surpasses Boston as largest city  New France’s fur trade protected by loose network of forts

 Bourbon kings reorganize Spanish gov’t  Pop. of Spanish Empire booms  Shift from mining economy to cattle  Rebellions, increased militarization to face English  England limits colonial trade and production  Bad for business back home  Expensive wars against France and Spain paid for by colonies, colonists do not like increased royal control