A2 Psychology of sport Personality Lesson 2

Trait theory Extrovert Introvert Stable Neurotic Eynsenk Type A Type B Cattell Nature Nurture

What type of personalities would you guess that this group has?

A2 Level Sport and Physical Education Personality Lesson 2 OZZIE SPORTS VIDEO OF BANDURAS THEORY

By the end of the lesson you should understand the social learning & interactionist theories of personality understand how to apply practical examples to theory

BUZZ WORDS Social learning theory Bandura Interactionist Theory Lewin

What’s what Anything in red is a key word that you should have a definition for and then learn Anything in yellow is a task for you to do and you must write down the answer Anything green is a discussion task either with your partner or the whole class

Personality development How do we learn how to act in certain situations? How do we become to have the personalities that we have ? Why are some of us more aggressive than others whilst others are more emotional? The answer depends on who you ask!

Social learning theory Bandura Badura believes that our personality is learned He believes that we reaction to specific situations we learn to deal with situations by observing others or by observing the results of our own behaviour We then model our own behaviour on what we have seen athletes learn behaviour by watching others Think about when young football player copy the behaviour of their role models

SOCIAL LEARNING behaviour is determined by the situation –social comparison –behaving the same way as the peer group social approval or disapproval determines our responses –behaviour is reinforced or penalised the learning of emotional responses through observational learning Put this into a practical example

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY WATCH THE FOLOWING VIDEO CLIP TO FURTHER EXPLAIN THIS THEORY

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY learning by copying others (observational learning) Bandura the performer is more likely to copy 'significant others’ demonstration of the skill (by significant others) is followed by the learning process –attention (learner takes note of the demonstration) –retention (learner remembers the demonstration) –motor reproduction (learner attempts to copy the movement) –and is motivated to do so finally produces a matching performance (successful reproduction of the skill) the learner copies because he / she wishes to be accepted by others or to be held in high esteem skills are often copied : –to achieve the success that others enjoy –and to be praised

Social learning theory All behaviour is learned from environmental experience Behaviour = function of the environment (B=F(E) Behaviour is learned through interaction with environment and inherited factors do not influence personality therefore behaviour can be manipulated by a coach But what about inherited behaviours? Are you like anyone in your own family

Interactionist theory - Lewin traits determine behaviour but can be modified by our environment behaviour is a function of both the person and the environment behaviour =function of personality x environment (B=F (P) x E )

Interactionist theory Behaviour occurs from the influence of inherited traits and learning experiences Behaviour = function of personality x environment B=F(P)E

Interactionist theory EXAMPLE OF INTERACTIONIST THEORY APPROACH a young field event athlete shows promise, but worries about competing in important competitions and underperforms in these situations her coach works with her on anxiety management strategies and in her next competition she achieves a personal best the innate (trait) factors of the athlete’s personality cannot be changed by a coach so the coach must therefore get her to view her anxiety (which could be a trait which emerges whenever undue stress is placed on her) in terms of the specific situation of the next competition the anxiety could be channelled into positive images of her technical model rejecting poor efforts as due to external factors (the the weather / wind) and building on positive images of successful technical elements achieved the athlete can then build success by this focusing on factors other than her own anxiety this enables her to adjust her behaviour according to internal factors such as rhythm and fluency this strategy should enable the athlete to remove the stress from the situation and hence reduce anxiety - even if she competes poorly

So…. Interactionist theorist believes that our behaviour is a mixture of our traits and our learned experiences It is the most widely accepted theory of personality

THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH TO PERSONALITY THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH based on Freud’s work which includes the notion that personality is a combination of instincts instincts are innate (traits) and inherited from parents two types of instinct : DEATH INSTINCTS destructive and dangerous such as aggression LIFE INSTINCTS positive and creative such as the need to achieve the approach says that certain behaviours are out of conscious control but can be overwritten by learned behaviours COMPONENTS OF MIND ID the basic biological determinant of behaviour includes food, love, sex EGO ensures that we behave in ways which won’t damage us includes the self-concept SUPEREGO includes our ideal self based on an image of our parents how we would like to be in a perfect world includes moral control, but leads to guilt and conflict

PERSONALITY STRUCTURE - HOLLANDER PSYCHOLOGICAL CORE beliefs and values that remain more or less permanent example : a sportsman’s belief that fair play underlies his attitude on the field of play TYPICAL RESPONSES the way in which an individual responds in certain situations example : stopping fighting at the bell ROLE RELATED BEHAVIOUR in other situations we may behave differently example : striking after the bell when annoyed or frustrated SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT how the behaviour and expectations of others affect our role example : a player argues with the referee because others have done so and got away with it before

STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY - MARTENS

June 04 The interactionist approach is the most widely accepted theory used to explain behaviour in sport Use an example from PE or Sport to explain the interactionist approach [3]

How do we measure personality? INTERVIEWS before or after the event not directly related to performance open ended and flexible transient feelings or attitudes may be expressed difficult to quantify accurately may be influenced by the interviewer QUESTIONNAIRES before or after the event not directly related to performance rigidly and systematically set out transient feelings or attitudes may be expressed able to quantify accurately would not be influenced by another can be used to assess specific traits OBSERVATION made during an actual event directly related to performance varies according to the competitive nature of the event difficult to quantify accurately may be influenced by the observer’s views and attitudes

Task Using the previous slide complete the table on page 26