Contraception

Contraception What is contraception? Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy

Safe sex versus safer sex The term “Safe sex” is misleading. No sex is the only truly safe sex. Things to Do Know partner’s sexual history Know partner’s sexual history Drug use Drug use Ask questions Ask questions

The only known way to prevent any kind of sexually transmitted infections is to abstain from sexual contact. What strategies do you think would be effective in selling contraception to teenagers? Marketing Strategy? Marketing Strategy?

Choices Abstinence – not having sex 100% effective in preventing STI’s and Pregnancy One in five Americans have genital herpes, yet at least 80 percent of those with herpes are unaware they have it One in five Americans have genital herpes, yet at least 80 percent of those with herpes are unaware they have it About 50 percent to 80 percent of US adults have oral herpes OR Herpes simplex Virus. (JHU) About 50 percent to 80 percent of US adults have oral herpes OR Herpes simplex Virus. (JHU)

BARRIER METHODS Barrier Methods – Physical barrier to stop sperm from coming into contact with an egg Diaphragm, Cervical Cap, Female Condom At least one in four Americans will contract an STD at some point in their lives At least one in four Americans will contract an STD at some point in their lives

PROTECTION Male Condoms Thin cover that fits over an erect penis, sperm is deposited into condom instead of vagina.Thin cover that fits over an erect penis, sperm is deposited into condom instead of vagina. Latex or PolyurethaneLatex or Polyurethane Over – the – CounterOver – the – Counter Put on before penis touches female genitaliaPut on before penis touches female genitalia 98% Effective98% Effective How?

PROTECTION Spermacide – Chemicals that kill sperm Foams, Creams, Gel Foams, Creams, Gel Inserted into vagina before sex Inserted into vagina before sex Water- Based, Not Oil Water- Based, Not Oil Oil damages latex Oil damages latex Nonoxynol – 9, Spermicidal Lubricant Nonoxynol – 9, Spermicidal Lubricant More than 5 million people are infected with HPV each year

Hormonal Methods Hormonal Method – Doses of hormones to prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation Birth Control Pills – Prevents ovulation by suppressing the natural hormones that would stimulate an ovary to release an egg 99% effective when taken properly, taken daily 99% effective when taken properly, taken daily Does not protect against STD’s Does not protect against STD’s

IUD Hormonal Release progestinRelease progestin Inserted into uterusInserted into uterus Thicken cervical mucus, endometrium does not grow, reduces menstrual bleeding.Thicken cervical mucus, endometrium does not grow, reduces menstrual bleeding.Non-Hormonal Copper acts as spermicide, weakening the sperm or destroying it.Copper acts as spermicide, weakening the sperm or destroying it.

PREVENTING PREGNANCY Injectable – Shots that contain hormones to prevent pregnancy Every 3 Months Every 3 Months 99% effective 99% effective Does not protect against STI’s Does not protect against STI’s The Patch Similar to nicotine patch Similar to nicotine patch Releases hormones that prevent ovulation Releases hormones that prevent ovulation Nuvaring – Vaginal ring folded & inserted high into the vagina Release hormones Release hormones Replace every 3 weeks Replace every 3 weeks Use condom back - up Use condom back - up

Surgical Vasectomy Cutting of Vas Deferens Prevent release of sperm during Ejaculation Permanent After 1-2 months 99.85% effective. Tubal Ligation Tubes Tied Banded, cauterized, tied and cut Permanent 5 out of 1,000 women after 1 year. 5 years following tubal ligation, about 13 out of 1,000 women will have become pregnant

Natural Methods The calendar rhythm method- calculating a woman's fertile period on the calendar. Calculated by last 12 menstrual periods to avoid ovulation. 5 days before ovulation 5 days before ovulation Day of Day of 1 day after 1 day after WithdrawalWithdrawal 75%-80% 75%-80% 1 out of 22 couples 1 out of 22 couplesHope Use Effectiveness How well a BC method works in “Typical use” taking into consideration human error and other non ideal factors How well a BC method works in “Typical use” taking into consideration human error and other non ideal factors Theoretical Effectiveness How well a BC method works when it is used correctly and when all other conditions are ideal “perfect use” How well a BC method works when it is used correctly and when all other conditions are ideal “perfect use”

MethodUse Effectiveness (Actual Use) Theoretical Effectiveness (Perfect Use) Evra Patch92%99.7% BC Pill92%99.7% Nuvaring92%99.7% IUD99.2%99.4% Diaphragm & Spermicide84%94% Male Condom Alone85%98% Tubal Ligation99.5%99.9% Vasectomy99.85%99.9% Withdrawal73%96% No Method (Chance)15%

STI’S Herpes Vaginal, anal, or oral sex Vaginal, anal, or oral sex Can also be transmitted from partner who does not have a visible sore or may not know he or she is infected Can also be transmitted from partner who does not have a visible sore or may not know he or she is infectedGonorrhea Men & Women Men & Women Infections to genitals, rectum, throat Infections to genitals, rectum, throat Vaginal, anal, or oral sex Vaginal, anal, or oral sex

STI’s Syphilis Highly contagious Highly contagious Spread through vaginal, oral, or anal Spread through vaginal, oral, or anal Can be spread from kissing or close bodily contact Can be spread from kissing or close bodily contactHPV Human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus Can lead to cancer (especially cervical cancer) Can lead to cancer (especially cervical cancer) Skin to skin contact Skin to skin contact Most common STI Most common STI

STI’s

Genital Herpes

Gonorrhea

Syphilis